Fear of failure and unrealistic vocational aspiration.

Realistic or unrealistic vocational aspiration was related to need for achievement and assessment of one's capability. The person more strongly motivated to avoid failure, rather than to achieve success, tended to be unrealistic in his vocational aspiration (under or over) rather than to aspire towards some realistic goal wherein he might actually have to prove himself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Changes in self-concepts during group psychotherapy as a function of alternate sessions and vicarious therapy pretraining in institutionalized mental patients and juvenile delinquents.

Attempted to evaluate the effects of alternate sessions and vicarious therapy pretraining (VTP) in connection with time-limited group psychotherapy in 4 groups each of institutionalized juvenile delinquents and hospitalized mental patients. Ss were administered self- and ideal-self-concept Q sorts pre- and posttherapy. It was found that: (1) the use of alternate sessions did not facilitate improvement in self- and ideal-self-concepts, but effected negative changes in self-concept as contrasted with a standard expert ideal sort; (2) the use of VTP appears to have had a positive effect on change in ideal-self-concept in the direction of what experts regard as ideal; (3) there were no differential effects of VTP and alternate sessions in the 2 populations under study; and (4) mean changes in self-concept measures from pre- to posttherapy were in a positive direction for the mental patients and in a negative direction for the juvenile delinquents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of punishment (electric shock) on perceptual learning.

3 experiments were conducted to explore the consequences of the association of punishment with percepts and to trace its residual effects. Electric shock was associated with tactual profiles of faces. Voltage, temporal contiguity, and ability to escape shock were varied. The results showed that there was more reporting of the non-shocked profile as intensity of shock increased, that escape conditions lead to more reporting of the shocked profiles, the shocked profile is recalled more vividly, and as the delay between exposure and recall increases there is more reporting of the nonshocked profile. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Field and Laboratory Studies of the Toxicity to Phytoplankton of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Desorbed from Fine Clays and Natural Suspended Particulates

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Aroclor 1254) were adsorbed to natural (Hudson River and New York Bight) and commercial (illite) particles in the laboratory, then allowed to desorb for several hours into the surrounding aqueous medium in the presence of either of two laboratory strains of diatom species or a complete natural phytoplankton assemblage. Cell density, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll a concentration in the cultures were followed for 2 to 3 days. In two experiments, PCB-carrying natural particles were removed after desorption and prior to the introduction of algae. All incubations were carried out in the laboratory or in dialysis membrane bags suspended in the tidal channel of an estuarine marsh.Cultures containing 90 μg of illite-bound Aroclor 1254/L of water were severely damaged within 4 hours, by which time 72% of the PCBs had desorbed from particles and become available to the diatoms. Similarly, a natural phytoplankton community, incubated under natural conditions in the presence of 50 μg of Hudson River sediment-associated PCB/L of water, registered significant reductions of photosynthesis and chlorophyll a content for at least 3 days. When PCB-bearing New York Bight particles were removed from the medium prior to the introduction of algae, sufficient desorbed PCBs remained to reduce growth rates and chlorophyll a content of the culture. The latter experiment clearly demonstrates particle to water to cell transfer of desorbed PCBs.     

Calculation of SANS intensity for polyethylene: effect of varying fold planes and fold plane roughening

The intensity of the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) for polyethylene crystallized in the lamellar habit from the melt at large supercoolings is calculated for μ = 0.01 to μ = 0.14 [$\text{μ = (}\text{4π}\text{λ}\text{)}\text{sin}\text{(}\text{θ}\text{2}\text{)}$]. Computations are made on models which allow various amounts and types of chain folding and varying degrees of ‘tight’ or ‘regular’ folds. The models that fit the SANS data best have folding along lattice planes in which the stem separation is larger than 0.5 nm (5 Å) or which allow for fold plane roughening on a variety of fold planes. the ‘leapfrog’ type folds mentioned by Sadler were also considered, and a possible cause for their existence suggested. As an example, the variable cluster model gives a good account of the SANS data with the surface roughening suggested by nucleation theory with fold planes [110], [200], and [310], or a mixture. Even though the conditions of crystallization used in preparing the SANS specimens (large supercoolings) were conducive to the maximum surface disorder, the probability of ‘tight’ or ‘regular’ folding, p_tf, was found to be ～0.7 for the best models. This corresponds closely to the theoretical lower bound $\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{tf}}\text{=}\text{2}\text{3}$ which is rigorous for the case of non-tiled stems. The probability of strictly adjacent re-entry in a single specified fold plane, p_ar, was ～0.4 to ～0.7 depending on the particular model chosen. The best models fit not only the SANS data, but also the liquid and crystal density, degree of crystallinity, and characteristic ratio (or radius of gyration). None of the models show the density anomaly inherent in the switchboard or random re-entry models of Yoon and Flory.     

Molecular dynamics calculation of the isotope effect for vacancy diffusion

The relative jump frequencies of tracer atoms with masses 1.00 and 1.05 times the host atom mass have been computed by molecular dynamics in a system of 255 Lennard-Jones atoms comparable with solid argon at 80 °K. The chief error of previous theoretical treatments of the isotope effect is found to be their neglect of unsuccessful saddle point crossings (e.g. U turns) which become more prevalent the lighter the diffusing atom. In the system studied, this effect lowers the ΔK factor from its harmonic value of 0.98 to an effective value of 0.89±0.05.     

Fertility characterization of soils at six research sites in NW Cameroon

Fertility capability of surface (0–20 cm) soils was evaluated at six sites in the North-West Cameroon highlands. Two main soil groups, designated as Classes A and B, were identified based on elevation. The Class A soils from low elevations (600–1178 m) had higher Ca, Mg, K, pH, sorbed less P and were lower in organic carbon and sesquioxides than the highland (> 1200 m) soils. Soil acidity (Al saturation > 30%) and high P sorption appeared to be the most limiting factors to crop production especially on the Class B soils where the Standard P Requirement exceeded 500 mg kg^–1. Phosphorus sorption data were best described by the Freundlich equation. Amorphous aluminium was the most important determinant of solution P concentration (r = 0.85,p < 0.001) followed by soil organic carbon, (r = 0.80,p < 0.001) at high P rates. Nitrogen deficiency symptoms of maize were pronounced on the Class B soils. Consequently, crop growth and yield were lower on Class B than on Class A soils despite the high organic carbon in B. We hypothesize that the supply of high quality organic material (high in N and low in lignin and polyphenols) at site B through agroforestry and related cropping systems, would improve the fertility of the soil and crop yield.This article is a contribution from the IITA-IRA-NCRE, USAID-supported National Cereals Research and Extension Project in Cameroon.     

A Stock Location Model for Dual Address Order Picking Systems

A model is formulated to evaluate alternative stock levels and item locations for dedicated storage warehouses where storage and retrieval transactions are interleaved to economize on travel of the order picking vehicle. The model can be used to measure the order picking and inventory cost effects of warehouse layouts representing alternatives to application of economic lot sizing and cube per order index storage assignment. A simple, sequential search heuristic is proposed for generating such alternative warehouse layouts and applied to a sample problem.