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81.
Methylated-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) was used to complex the photoinitiator, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA), yielding a water-soluble host/guest complex. The comparative studies demonstrated that the Me-β-CD complexed DMPA exhibited a high photoreactivity identical to the uncomplexed DMPA, while the CD complex obviously influenced the products of primary photolysis of DMPA and the photopolymerization kinetics due to the steric effect of CD on the subsequent initiation reactions. The photopolymerization rate of acrylamide can be described by the equation: Rp=K[2a]0.62[M]1.37[I]0.5[Me-β-CD]0. The mechanism of polymerization was also discussed. 相似文献
82.
83.
介绍了子午轮胎硫化的各种介质性能要求及介质供应工艺流程,分析了各种介质的质量要求.介绍了系统各参数的控制调节项目及运行技术管理的一些措施. 相似文献
84.
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86.
Stress analysis of spontaneous Sn whisker growth 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
K. N. Tu Chih Chen Albert T. Wu 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2007,18(1-3):269-281
Spontaneous Sn whisker growth is a surface relief phenomenon of creep, driven by a compressive stress gradient. No externally
applied stress is required for the growth, and the compressive stress is generated within, from the chemical reaction between
Sn and Cu to form the intermetallic compound Cu6Sn5 at room temperature. To obtain the compressive stress gradient, a break of the protective oxide on the Sn surface is required
because the free surface of the break is stress-free. Thus, spontaneous Sn whisker growth is unique that stress relaxation
accompanies stress generation. One of the whisker challenging issues in understanding and in finding effective methods to
prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth is to develop accelerated tests of whisker growth. Use of electromigration on short
Sn stripes can facilitate this. The stress distribution around the vicinity and the root of a whisker can be obtained by using
the micro-beam X-ray diffraction utilizing synchrotron radiation. A discussion of how to prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth
by blocking both stress generation and stress relaxation is given. 相似文献
87.
Xiaojun Xie Yonghong Cheng Hong Wang Qian Wang Xiaolin Chen Caixin Sun 《Ceramics International》2008,34(4):689-693
In the ideal A2B2O6O′ pyrochlore structure, the x-value of O atom position is a variable parameter. In Bi1.5ZnNb1.5−xTaxO7 (BZNT) cubic pyrochlores, the x-values alter with the different compositions of Nb/Ta. In this work, a series of initial models for BZNT were established by analyzing X-ray diffraction data. Then three structure modifying methods, including Rietveld refinement, Rietveld refinement with energy and geometry optimization based on quantum mechanics, were employed to obtain the precise models using Materials Studio. Moreover, the reflectivities of BZNT were computed by quantum mechanical simulation based on the refined models. Comparing the simulation results from different modifying models with the experimental results, it is found that Rietveld refinement with energy optimization is the most accurate method for BZNT pyrochlores. According to the simulation results, the different reflectivities correspond well with various x-values of O atom positions in BZNT pyrochlores. 相似文献
88.
89.
Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles. 相似文献
90.
A new torque estimator for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives based on 2-D rotary regression analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed torque estimator is composed of a bicubic regressive polynomial as a function of rotor position and input current. The regressive coefficients can be computed offline or online from the torque characteristics acquired either experimentally or from numerical computation. Furthermore, a torque estimation method by taking mutual coupling into consideration is proposed. It can be seen that the estimated and experimentally obtained self-coupling and mutual-coupling torque characteristics are in good agreement with each other. In addition, the dynamic torque waveforms with and without the mutual coupling, estimated by the proposed estimator, are found to be virtually the same as those obtained from the bicubic spline interpolation for SRM drives with single-pulse voltage, hysteresis current chopping, as well as with voltage pulse width modulation control. The success of all the case studies being reported is a good validation of the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed real-time torque estimator that, as described in this paper, can be used to quickly estimate the instantaneous output torque of SRM drives. 相似文献