This study investigated the role of flaxseed meal (FSM), a rich terrestrial source of ω-3 fatty acids, in the alteration of the fatty acid profile and metabolism, health indices, physicochemical properties, and sensory quality of broiler chicken meat. The broiler chickens were fed 100 g FSM kg−1 diet for different time periods (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks). The results revealed that 100 g FSM feeding in broiler chickens for at least 3 weeks increased (P < 0.01) the EPA, DHA, MUFA, PUFA, ω-3 PUFA, and ω-6 PUFA of broiler chicken meat with the corresponding decrease in palmitic acid, stearic acid, and SFA content. 100 g FSM feeding up to 3 weeks has increased the Δ9-desaturases (P < 0.05), thioesterase index (P < 0.01), and Δ5-desaturase + Δ6-desaturase activity (P < 0.01) along with an improvement in health indices (P < 0.01) of chicken meat. Similarly, a reduction in meat cholesterol and fat content of thigh meat (P < 0.01) was observed by feeding 100 g FSM for at least 3 weeks with no effect on the pH, color scores, and sensory evaluation of broiler chicken meat. The water-holding capacity (WHC) and extract release volume (ERV) decreased, whereas, drip loss of meat increased (P < 0.01) due to the feeding of 100 g FSM beyond 3 weeks. Thus, this study concluded that 100 g FSM feeding for 3 weeks in broiler chickens significantly improves the fatty acid profile, lipid metabolism, and health indices of meat, without compromising the physicochemical properties of broiler chicken meat. 相似文献
Ever-growing demand for citric acid (CA) and urgent need for alternative sources has served as a driving force for workers to search for novel and economical substrates. Submerged fermentation was conducted using apple (Malus domestica) pomace ultrafiltration sludge as an inexpensive substrate for CA bioproduction, using Aspergillus niger NRRL567. The crucial parameters, such as total suspended solids and inducer concentration, were optimised by response surface methodology for higher CA production. The optimal CA concentrations of 44.9 g/100 g and 37.9 g/100 g dry substrate were obtained with 25 g/l of initial total solids and 3% (v/v) methanol and 25 g/l of total solids and 3% (v/v) ethanol concentration, respectively, after the 144 h of fermentation. Results indicated that total solids concentration, and methanol as an inducer, were effective with respect to higher CA yield and also indicated the possibility of using apple pomace sludge as a potential substrate for economical production of CA. 相似文献
Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) elicits lower than normal body weights and skeletal muscle weakness, the mechanisms remain unclear. Despite the fact that HHcy-mediated enhancement in ROS and consequent damage to regulators of different cellular processes is relatively well established in other organs, the nature of such events is unknown in skeletal muscles. Previously, we reported that HHcy attenuation of PGC-1α and HIF-1α levels enhanced the likelihood of muscle atrophy and declined function after ischemia. In the current study, we examined muscle levels of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolizing enzymes, anti-oxidant capacity and focused on protein modifications that might compromise PGC-1α function during ischemic angiogenesis. Although skeletal muscles express the key enzyme (MTHFR) that participates in re-methylation of Hcy into methionine, lack of trans-sulfuration enzymes (CBS and CSE) make skeletal muscles more susceptible to the HHcy-induced myopathy. Our study indicates that elevated Hcy levels in the CBS−/+ mouse skeletal muscles caused diminished anti-oxidant capacity and contributed to enhanced total protein as well as PGC-1α specific nitrotyrosylation after ischemia. Furthermore, in the presence of NO donor SNP, either homocysteine (Hcy) or its cyclized version, Hcy thiolactone, not only increased PGC-1α specific protein nitrotyrosylation but also reduced its association with PPARγ in C2C12 cells. Altogether these results suggest that HHcy exerts its myopathic effects via reduction of the PGC-1/PPARγ axis after ischemia. 相似文献
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) refers to the reactive molecules and free radicals of oxygen generated as the by-products of aerobic respiration. Historically, ROS are known as stress markers that are linked to the response of immune cell against microbial invasion, but recent discoveries suggest their role as secondary messengers in signal transduction and cell cycle. Tissue engineering (TE) techniques have the capabilities to harness such properties of ROS for the effective regeneration of damaged tissues. TE employs stem cells and biomaterial matrix, to heal and regenerate injured tissue and organ. During regeneration, one of the constraints is the unavailability of oxygen as proper vasculature is absent at the injured site. This creates hypoxic conditions at the site of regeneration. Hence, effective response against the stresses like hypoxia spurs the regeneration process. Contrary, hyperoxic condition may increase the risk of ROS stress at the site. TE tries to overcome these limitations with the new class of biomaterials that can sense such stresses and respond accordingly. This review endeavors to explain the role of ROS in stem cell proliferation and differentiation, which is a key component in regeneration. This compilation also highlights the new class of biomaterials that can overcome the hypoxic conditions during tissue regeneration along with emphasis on the ROS-responsive biomaterials and their clinical applications. Incorporating these biomaterials in scaffolds development holds huge potential in tissue or organ regeneration and even in drug delivery.