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We assess the interactive effects of two commonly used channel coordination mechanisms (quantity discounts (QDs) and cooperative advertising (CA)). We use a game-theoretic model and solve four non-cooperative games. In the first game, neither QDs nor CA is implemented. Cooperative advertising alone is offered in the second game, while quantity discounts alone are offered in the third game. In the fourth game, both QDs and CA are implemented. We obtain analytical solutions and compare equilibrium results across games to assess the effectiveness of CA (QDs) when implemented alone or jointly with QDs (CA). The main findings suggest that the profitability of each of these mechanisms is affected by whether the other is implemented or not in the channel. For example, while CA benefits the manufacturer when implemented alone, it can increase or decrease the manufacturer’s profit when added to QDs. Looking at which coordination mechanism is most effective when used alone, we find that both the manufacturer and the supply chain prefer QDs to CA. Finally, the retailer may not benefit from either one or both of these coordination mechanisms, especially if marketing efforts are not highly effective.  相似文献   
33.
Fluidic oscillators (FOs) are used in a variety of applications, including process control and process intensification. Despite the simple design and operation of FOs, the fluid dynamics of FOs exhibit rich complexities. The inherently unstable flow, jet oscillations, and resulting vortices influence mixing and other transport processes. In this work, we computationally investigated the fluid dynamics of a new design of a planar FO with backflow limbs. The design comprised of two symmetric backflow limbs leading to bistable flow. The unsteady flow dynamics, internal recirculation, jet oscillations, secondary flow vortices were computationally studied over a range of inlet Reynolds numbers (2400–12,000). The nature and frequency of the jet oscillations were quantified. The computed jet oscillation frequency was compared with the experimentally measured (using imaging techniques) jet oscillation frequency. The flow model was then used to quantitatively understand mixing, heat transfer, and residence time distribution. The approach and the results presented in this work will provide a basis for designing FO's with desired flow and transport characteristics for various engineering applications.  相似文献   
34.
Weight reduction is an important driver of the aerospace industry, which encourages the development of lightweight joining techniques to substitute rivet joints. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state process that enables the production of lighter joints with a small performance reduction compared to the base material properties. Increasing the FSW lap joint performance is an important concern. Friction stir weld bonding is a hybrid joining technology that combines FSW and adhesive bonding in order to increase the mechanical properties of FSW lap joints. FSW and hybrid lap joints were produced, using 2-mm-thick AA6082-T6 plates and a 0.2-mm-thick adhesive layer. Defect detection using the non-destructive test, phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), has been made. Microscopic observations were performed in order to validate the phased array ultrasonic testing results. Lap shear strength tests were carried out to quantify the joint’s quality. PAUT inspection successfully detected non-welded specimens but was not able to distinguish specimens with major hook defects from specimens correctly weld bonded with small hook defects.  相似文献   
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Amaranthus paniculatus (L) syn Amaranthus caudatus, (L) seed oil contains palmitic (19-4%), stearic (3-9%), oleic (21-9%), linoleic (43-9%), vernolic (7-8%), malvalic (1-5%) and sterculic (1-6%) acids. These fatty acids were characterised by IR, NMR, MS and GLC techniques and by chemical degradations.  相似文献   
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The seed oil of Crotolaria retusa Linn, is found to contain ricinoleic (98), 7-(2-octylcyclopropen-1-yl) heptanoic acid (13 g kg?1), 8-{2-octylcyclopropen-l-yl) octanoic acid (35 g kg?1), palmitic (169 g kg?1), stearic (53 g kg?1), oleic (130 g kg?1) and linoleic (502 g kg?1) acids.  相似文献   
39.
This article addresses an automatic license plate localization (ALPL) algorithm suitable for real-time application. ALPL plays an important role in numerous applications and a number of techniques are available in literature. However, most of the literature addresses restricted conditions and works on a principle of sequential elimination of blocks from image level to final LP candidate region. Blocks are filtered out for not satisfying required LP features in a top-down approach. In a real scenario it often happens that the saliency of LP features is scene influenced and sequential filtering may lead to false elimination or detection. In this article we suggest scene inhibition feature saliency detection to improve the performance and make the algorithm more generalized. We also implemented skew correction of the above-detected LPs necessary for efficient character detection.  相似文献   
40.
Inappropriate lighting is often responsible for poor quality video. In most offices and homes, lighting is not designed for video conferencing. This can result in unevenly lit faces, distracting shadows, and unnatural colors. We present a method for relighting faces that reduces the effects of uneven lighting and color. Our setup consists of a compact lighting rig and a camera that is both inexpensive and inconspicuous to the user. We use unperceivable infrared (IR) lights to obtain an illumination bases of the scene. Our algorithm computes an optimally weighted combination of IR bases to minimize lighting inconsistencies in foreground areas and reduce the effects of colored monitor light. However, IR relighting alone results in images with an unnatural ghostly appearance, thus a retargeting technique is presented which removes the unnatural IR effects and produces videos that have substantially more balanced intensity and color than the original video.  相似文献   
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