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41.
The rheological behavior of an aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polypyrrole (PPY) dispersions prepared by ferric chloride (FeCl3)‐catalyzed polymerization of pyrrole was investigated at 12°C using a coaxial rotational viscometer. The results show that the addition of a low dose of FeCl3 to the PVA solution greatly influences its rheology. The prominent shear‐thickening (dilatant) nature of PVA turns significantly pseudoplastic (shear thinning) in the presence of FeCl3. Polypyrrole‐loaded PVA was obtained in a stable, optically clear dispersion by in situ polymerization of pyrrole in an aqueous PVA solution (5%) using FeCl3 as the oxidative catalyst at 12°C. The PPY dispersions in aqueous PVA systems having a low loading of PPY and low Fe+3 content retain the dilatant character of an aqueous PVA solution; however, for an aqueous PVA system having a relatively high PPY loading and also a high Fe+3 content, prominent pseudoplastic (shear thinning) behavior is exhibited. The odd novel rheological patterns exhibited by a PVA solution in the absence and presence of FeCl3 and the PVA–PPY dispersions containing FeCl3 under different sets of conditions are explained on the basis of the complexation of PVA by Fe+3 and related ions and also as a consequence of some degree of H‐bonding and chemical grafting between the support polymer PVA and the PPY formed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3737–3741, 2004 相似文献
42.
Rheological properties of black coal-KC220 oil suspensions have been investigated using a Contraves rheometer over a temperature and coal volume fraction range of 18–200°C and 0.247-0.385, respectively. The suspensions behaved as Newtonian fluids. Variation of viscosity with temperature does not follow any regular trend and peak viscosity values occur in the temperature range of 80–140°C for dry coal and 70–130°C for moist coal, depending upon the concentrations of coal in the suspension. Freshly prepared suspensions of moist coal exhibit viscosity peaks at a temperature lower than that of the corresponding suspension with dry coal. However, when aged, the suspensions of moist coal exhibit very small peak viscosity and follow an Arrhenius type behavior. For both dry and moist coal, the maximum volume fraction, ?m, continues to decrease with an increase in temperature. 相似文献
43.
Arun Ghosh R. S. Rajeev A. K. Bhattacharya A. K. Bhowmick S. K. De 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2003,43(2):279-296
The silicone rubber vulcanizate powder (SVP) obtained from silicone rubber by mechanical grinding exists in a highly aggregated state. The particle size distribution of SVP is broad, ranging from 2 µm to 110 µm with an average particle size of 33 µm. X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy studies show that there is no chemical change on the rubber surface following mechanical grinding of the heat‐aged (200°C/10 days) silicone rubber vulcanizate. Addition of SVP in silicone rubber increases the Mooney viscosity, Mooney scorch time, shear viscosity and activation energy for viscous flow. Measurement of curing characteristics reveals that incorporation of SVP into the virgin silicone rubber causes an increase in minimum torque, but marginal decrease in maximum torque and rate constant of curing. However, the activation energy of curing shows an increasing trend with increasing loading of SVP. Expectedly, incorporation of SVP does not alter the glass‐rubber transition and cold crystallization temperatures of silicone rubber, as observed in the dynamic mechanical spectra. It is further observed that on incorporation of even a high loading of SVP (i.e., 60 phr), the tensile and tear strength of the silicone rubber are decreased by only about 20%, and modulus dropped by 15%, while the hardness, tension set and hysteresis loss undergo marginal changes and compression stress‐relaxation is not significantly changed. Atomic Force Microscopy studies reveal that incorporation of SVP into silicone rubber does not cause significant changes in the surface morphology. 相似文献
44.
Flexural properties, impact energy, heat deflection temperature, and resistance to thermal and hydrothermal degradation of composites based on E-glass and N-glass fibers as the reinforcing agents, and epoxy, unsaturated polyester, phenolic, and epoxy-phenolic resin systems as the matrix materials were studied and compared. As a reinforcing agent E-glass fiber is superior to N-glass fiber, particularly with respect to development of flexural strength and modulus, impact strength, and thermal resistance; N-glass fiber, however, imparts to the composites substantially higher resistance to hydrothermal degradation under boiling conditions in different chemical environments. For use of both E-glass and N-glass fibers as reinforcing agents, the general order of resistance to hydrothermal degradation for the composites based on different matrix resins is epoxy > phenolic > unsaturated polyester resin. Incorporation of a low dose of a rubbery polymer, such as styrene butadiene rubber (0.1–0.2%) and liquid polybutadiene (0.5–0.75%), in unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix resin measurably enhances impact energy of the composite. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
45.
Modeling of time to corrosion-induced cover cracking in reinforced concrete structures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Service life of the concrete structures depends on the protective action provided by the cover concrete against the susceptibility of the reinforcement to the corrosive environment. Depending on the level of the oxidation of metallic iron, corrosion products may have much greater volume than the original iron that gets consumed by the process of corrosion. This volume expansion is mainly responsible for exerting the expansive radial pressure at the steel-concrete interface and development of hoop tensile stresses in the surrounding concrete resulting ultimately in the through cracking of the cover concrete. This cover cracking would indicate the loss of the service life for the corrosion-affected structures. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to develop analytical models for predicting the time to cover cracking by considering the residual strength of the cracked concrete and the stiffness provided by the combination of the reinforcement and expansive corrosion products. The problem is modeled as a boundary value problem wherein the governing equations are expressed in terms of the radial displacement and the analytical solutions are presented considering a simple 2-zone model for the cover concrete viz. cracked or uncracked. The analytical models are then evaluated through their ability to reproduce available experimental trends and subsequently a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to show the influence of the various variable parameters of the proposed models with reference to the experimental trends. 相似文献
46.
Two unusual lipid classes were detected by thin-layer chromatography in the neutral lipids derived from goat cauda-epididymal
sperm plasma membrane. The lipids were identified as wax esters and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerols based on chromatographic properties, identity of their hydrolysis products, and infrared/1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral evidence. The membrane containedca. 3 and 5 μg/mg protein of wax esters and alkyldiacylglycerols, respectively. The relative proportions of wax esters and alkyldiacylglycerols
in the total neutral lipids were 1.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The lipids contained fatty acids with chain lengths of C14 to C22. The major fatty acids of the wax esters were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1ω7, 18∶0 and 18∶1ω9. The fatty acids in alkyldiacylglycerol
were 16∶0, 18∶0, 22∶5ω3 and 22∶6ω3. Alkyldiacylglycerol was particularly rich in docosahexaenoic acid 22∶6ω3) representing
30% of the total fatty acids. The alcohols of wax ester were all saturated with C20–C29 carbon chains. The deacylated products derived from alkyldiacylglycerols were identified as hexadecyl, octadecyl and octadec-9′-enyl
glycerol ethers. 相似文献
47.
In this report, smart polyurethane-polystyrene interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)-based nanocomposites were fabricated using simultaneous polymerization technique with different doses of functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f-RGO). RGO was functionalized with monoglyceride of sunflower oil in the presence of toluene diisocyanate. Successful functionalization of RGO was supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Most interestingly, the fabricated IPN-based nanocomposites showed significant enhancements in mechanical (tensile strength: 165%; elongation at break: 198%; toughness: 340%) and thermal (thermally stable up to 262°C) properties upon incorporation of 1 weight% of f-RGO. Moreover, the fabricated nanocomposites exhibited outstanding chemical resistance, self-cleaning behavior through surface hydrophobicity (static contact angle: 125.6–136.5°), multi-stimuli responsive shape memory effect (100% recovery within 33–44 s by microwave and 265–308 s by sunlight) and thermally actuated artificial muscle-like behavior. Therefore, the studied smart nanocomposites with the aforementioned properties hold significant potential for possible advanced applications. 相似文献
48.
Naizhuo Zhao Tilottama Ghosh Nathan Allen Currit Christopher D. Elvidge 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(9):2241-2250
Global water resources are vulnerable to depletion due to the increasing demand of an ever-increasing human population. A
country’s water footprint is a measure of the total volume of water needed to produce the goods and services consumed by the
country, including water originating beyond its own borders. The water footprint can be a critical indicator of global water
resource use, but its practical application is hindered by a lack of comparable data across national boundaries. The purpose
of this article is to test the applicability of the nighttime imagery products produced by the Defense Meteorological Satellite
Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) for the assessment of the global water footprint. To accomplish this purpose,
the average areal extent of nighttime lighting (lit area) is calculated from 1997 to 2001. Next, lit area is regressed on
the total water footprint for each country, as indicated by the Water Footprint Network (WFN), to estimate that country’s
total water footprint using nighttime imagery. Model residuals are analyzed at the national scale to understand the appropriateness
of nighttime imagery for assessing water consumption. Results indicate strong positive correlations between lit area and total
water footprint (TWF), domestic water withdrawal (DWW), and industrial water consumption (IWC) at the national scale. Overall,
the analyses reveal that the rate of agricultural water consumption to total water footprint (AWCR) and population density
can affect the precision of estimates when lit area is selected as a proxy to estimate water footprints. 相似文献
49.
Sandip Ghosh Sarit K. Das Goshaidas Ray 《International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems》2009,7(2):311-317
Adaptive stabilization of a class of linear systems with matched and unmatched uncertainties is considered in this paper.
The proposed controller indeed stabilizes the uncertain system for any positive values of its non-adaptive gain that may be
tuned to enhance dynamic response of system. The performance of uncertain system along with the Algebraic Riccati Equation
that arises from the adaptive stabilizing controller is now formulated as a multi-objective Linear Matrix Inequality optimization
problem. The decay rate and a factor governing the ultimate bound of the system states are considered to characterize the
closed loop system performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is illustrated via stabilizing a mass-spring
system.
Recommended by Editorial Board member Gang Tao under the direction of Editor Young Il Lee. The authors would like to thank
the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions that have improved the quality of this paper.
Sandip Ghosh received the B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Bengal Engineering College (D.U.), Howrah, and Master in Control System
Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, in 1999 and 2003 respectively. Presently he is pursuing the Ph.D. degree
at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. His research interests include adaptive control, robust control and control
of time-delay systems.
Sarit K. Das is a Professor of Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. He received the Ph.D.
degree in 1985 from the same department. His research interests include design of periodic controller, decoupling of multivariable
systems, modeling and robust control of complex systems.
Goshaidas Ray is a Professor of Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. He received the Ph.D.
degree in 1982 from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India. His research interests include modeling, estimation, model-based
control, intelligent control, robotic systems and distributed control systems. 相似文献
50.
Subir Kumar Ghosh Anil Maheshwari Sudebkumar Prasant Pal C. E. Veni Madhavan 《The Visual computer》1994,10(8):443-451
A polygonP is said to be apalm polygon if there exists a pointxP such that the Euclidean shortest path fromx to any pointyP makes only left turns or only right turns. The set of all such pointsx is called thepalm kernel. In this paper we propose an O(E) time algorithm for recognizing a palm polygonP, whereE is the size of the visibility graph ofP. The algorithm recognizes the given polygonP as a palm polygon by computing the palm kernel ofP. If the palm kernel is not empty,P is a palm polygon.The extended abstract of this paper was reported at the Second Canadian Conference in Computational Geometry, pp. 246–251, 1990 相似文献