Phase diagrams for lead-free solder alloys

The need for new, improved solder alloys and a better understanding of reactions during the soldering process grows steadily as the need for smaller and more reliable electronic products increases. Information obtained from phase equilibria data and thermodynamic calculations has proven to be an important tool in the design and understanding of new lead-free solder alloys. A wide range of candidate alloys can be rapidly evaluated for proper freezing ranges, susceptibility to contamination effects, and reactions with substrate materials before the expensive process of preparing and testing candidate alloys is initiated.     

后氧化处理对等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层性能的影响

用正交实验法研究了后氧化处理温度、时间对大气等离子喷涂(Al/Ni+Cr2O3)陶瓷涂层性能的影响,由此获得的优化工艺参数为500℃×4h.研究表明,温度是影响后氧化效果的主要因素,优化的后氧化处理能明显改善涂层性能气孔率减少,致密性改善,硬度提高7.4HR15N,结合强度提高20.39MPa.     

冷轧模拟器气泡现象机理分析及攻关措施

冷轧模拟器是模拟轧机轧制带钢的试验设备。针对其张力液压缸存在抖动现象，同时液压油缸存在大量气泡，不能满足轧制要求的问题，对其原因进行了分析。结果表明，液压系统单液压缸匹配双伺服阀的特殊设计，当伺服阀左位工作时，压力比远大于3.5的气穴临界值，造成大量气泡产生；而对液压油体积弹性模量的机理研究表明，气体的存在降低了液压油体积弹性模量，极易造成系统不稳定。通过对液压油箱结构优化，引导液压油“S型”流动，使气体充分释放，张力液压缸抖动现象明显改善，满足了冷轧模拟轧制要求。     

The use of severe plastic deformation techniques in grain refinement

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has emerged as a promising method to produce ultrafine-grained materials with attractive properties. Today, SPD techniques are rapidly developing and are on the verge of moving from lab-scale research into commercial production. This paper discusses new trends in the development of SPD techniques suchas high-pressure torsion and equal-channel angle pressing, as well as new alternative techniques for introducing SPD. The paper also contains a comparative analysis of SPD techniques in terms of their relative capabilities for grain refinement, enhancement of properties, and potential to economically produce ultrafine-grained metals and alloys. For more information, contact Terry C. Lowe, Science and Technology Base Programs, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; (505) 667-7824; fax (505) 665-3199; e-mail tlowe@lanl.gov.     

NiCrMo涂层在750℃硫酸盐中的热腐蚀行为

针对石油及化工设备在苛刻高温腐蚀条件下工作,其零件腐蚀破坏日益严重的现状,采用Q235钢为基体材料,对自行研制的NiCrMo涂层在750℃涂盐腐蚀中的热腐蚀行为进行了研究,并与母材Q235钢的性能进行了比较.采用金相显微镜、配有能谱分析仪的扫描电镜以及X射线衍射仪等检测设备对腐蚀产物的形貌和相组成等进行了分析.结果表明,在母材Q235钢表面涂覆层镍铬含量一定,有适当钼的NiCrMo涂层时,能形成对涂层进行保护的氧化膜,提高母材Q235钢的耐高温热腐蚀性能.这种镍基合金制备成涂层具有优良的抗热腐蚀性能,适于作为石油化工设备的防护材料.     

Casting/mold thermal contact heat transfer during solidification of Al-Cu-Si alloy (LM 21) plates in thick and thin molds

Heat flow at the casting/mold interface was assessed and studied during solidification of Al-Cu-Si (LM 21) alloy in preheated cast iron molds of two different thicknesses, coated with graphite and alumina based dressings. The casting and the mold were instrumented with thermocouples connected to a computer controlled temperature data acquisition system. The thermal history at nodal locations in the mold and casting obtained during experimentation was used to estimate the heat flux by solving the one-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem. The cooling rate and solidification time were measured using the computer-aided cooling curve analysis data. The estimated heat flux transients showed a peak due to the formation of a stable solid shell, which has a higher thermal conductivity compared with the liquid metal in contact with the mold wall prior to the occurrence of the peak. The high values of heat flux transients obtained with thin molds were attributed to mold distortion due to thermal stresses. For thin molds, assumption of Newtonian heating yielded reliable interfacial heat transfer coefficients as compared with one-dimensional inverse modeling. The time of occurrence of peak heat flux increased with a decrease in the mold wall thickness and increase in the casting thickness.     

Mg-6Al-1Nd-1.5Gd合金的高温蠕变机制

采用高温蠕变装置,研究了Mg-6Al-1Nd-1.5Gd合金在150、175、200℃以及50、70、90 MPa条件下的高温压缩蠕变行为,分析合金在高温蠕变过程中的蠕变机制。结果表明,Mg-6Al-1Nd-1.5Gd合金的平均应力指数及蠕变激活能分别为4.64和73.87kJ/mol,其主要蠕变机制是由位错攀移和晶界扩散共同作用,合金的蠕变本构方程为:ε=1.877×10-8σ4.641exp[-73 865/(RT)];合金在高温蠕变过程中,微观组织中的位错密度逐渐增大,出现位错缠结及位错堆积,合金蠕变后的晶粒变得粗大,金属间化合物Al3Nd和Al3Gd在晶界上出现偏聚。     

Effect of Powder Type and Compaction Pressure on the Density,Hardness and Oxidation Resistance of Sintered and Steam-treated Steels

Two types of Hoganas iron powders—sponge (NC), and highly compressible (SC) were investigated. These specimens were compacted with a pressure of 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 MPa, before sintering in a production belt-type furnace. Steam treatment of the specimens was at 570 °C for 30 min. The sintered density and as-sintered hardness increase with increasing compaction pressure, and are significantly influenced by the powder structural characteristics. During steam treatment the type of powder and compaction pressure have an important influence on the extent of pore closure and weight gain. The maximum hardness was obtained for the components compacted at a pressure of 500 MPa for both groups of iron powders. Surface pore closure and oxidation resistance of the steam-treated components are improved with increasing compaction pressure.     

Process for dense 2D SiC fiber-SiC matrix composites

A new process using SiC fiber fabrics and SiC tapes to produce dense 2D SiC fiber-SiC (SiC/SiC) composites is demonstrated. The strategy for fabricating the SiC/SiC composites involves: (i) alternately stacking the SiC fiber fabrics and SiC tapes at room temperature, (ii) pyrolyzing of the stacked composites, and (iii) hot-pressing the pyrolyzed composites. By controlling the hot-pressing temperature, it is possible to obtain dense 2D SiC/SiC composites with relative densities of >98%. The 2D SiC/SiC composites show no degradation of the SiC fibers and a higher mechanical strength.