Pulse colliding in a self-mode-locked ring-cavity ti:sapphire laser

A new self-mode-locked ring-cavity Ti:sapphire laser is described that is self-mode locked in both unidirectional and bidirectional operations. We found that clockwise and counterclockwise pulses collide with each other at the Ti:sapphire rod when the laser is mode locked in a bidirectional operation. Spectrum narrowing and pulse broadening were found in bidirectional rather than unidirectional mode-locked operation. This is explained by the performance of a transient grating in the gain medium that restricts oscillation to a narrow spectral range.     

Clearance of iohexol, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and creatinine for determining the glomerular filtration rate in pigs with normal renal function: comparison of different clearance techniques

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We wanted to improve determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with plasma clearance techniques because the alternative-renal clearance techniques-may involve inaccurate urine sampling or risk of urinary tract infection when bladder catheterization becomes necessary. Therefore, we compared the renal and plasma clearances of iohexol and chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51Cr-EDTA), as well as endogenous creatinine clearance, in 19 normal pigs using different techniques. METHODS: After an intravenous bolus injection of the GFR markers, 16 plasma samples were used to plot the marker concentrations versus time for 4.5 hr. Urine was collected during nine 30-min periods. Plasma clearance was calculated by dividing the dose of marker with the area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) from the time of injection to infinity using one-compartment (ClAUC-slope) and three-compartment (ClAUC-3comp) models. The renal clearance was calculated by dividing the amount of marker excreted in the urine in a period with the AUC in the same period. This AUC was determined by integrating the total area in the period (Clren adv)--our reference method representing the "true" GFR--or by using the arithmetic mean of the plasma concentrations of the marker at the beginning and end of the urine collection period (Clren simple). Creatinine clearance was determined according to Clren simple. RESULTS: Renal clearances of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA were significantly higher than creatinine clearance (P = .0002). There was no significant difference between the renal clearances of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA or between their plasma clearances. The two mathematical methods of calculating the renal clearance of iohexol were highly correlated (rs = .99), as were the two methods of calculating its plasma clearance (rs = .95). Because of the extrarenal clearance of the markers, the plasma clearance methods for iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA always overestimated the true GFR. ClAUC-3comp was the method closest to the true GFR. For iohexol, the median overestimation of the GFR was higher with ClAUC-slope when early plasma samples (30-120 min) after injection of the marker were used (5.5 ml.min-1.10 kg-1) than when late samples (180-270 min) were used (4.0 ml.min-1.10 kg-1). After subtracting the median extrarenal clearances of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA (previously determined in nephrectomized pigs) from their plasma clearances (ClAUC-3comp), the median overestimation of the true GFR was reduced from 2.0 to 1.1 ml.min-1.10 kg-1 with iohexol and from 2.1 to 1.3 ml.min-1.10 kg-1 with 51Cr-EDTA. CONCLUSION: GFR determination with plasma clearance techniques can be improved in three- and one-compartment models by taking late plasma samples and by subtracting the extrarenal plasma clearance of the species. One-compartment models can be improved by determining a correction formula in the species for the early parts of the decay curve of the plasma concentration of the marker.     

The state of the state mental hospital 1996

OBJECTIVES: This analytical review is intended to update the author's earlier writings on the position of the state mental hospital within the spectrum of services for long-term mental patients and to provide perspective for the next generation of service planners. METHODS: Findings and commentary are organized around four major questions. First, what is the prevailing view of state mental hospitals today, and how does it compare with the view that existed in the first half of this century? Second, what individuals tend to be served in state mental hospitals today? Third, what has been the fate of mentally ill persons who are no longer served in state mental hospitals? Fourth, what is an appropriate role for the state mental hospital in today's uncertain and rapidly changing systems of care? Source material consists of periodical articles suggested in MEDLINE searches, plus newspaper reports, recent books on mental health service systems, and a variety of writings found in the "fugitive" literature generally not indexed in traditional archives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Individual state mental hospitals vary in the composition of their resident populations, the content of their services, and the overall quality of their care. Although they have been superseded by community-based service structures in some places, they continue in general, as the result of their multifunctionality, to occupy a critical place in systems of care. Renewed efforts to integrate them as full partners within those systems must be undertaken.     

Revisiting the security of secure direct communication based on ping-pong protocol[Quantum Inf. Process. 8, 347 (2009)]

A. Chamoli and C.M. Bhandari presented a secure direct communication based on ping-pong protocol[Quantum Inf. Process. 8, 347 (2009)]. M.Naseri analyzed its security and pointed out that in this protocol any dishonest party can obtain all the other one’s secret message with zero risk of being detected by using fake entangled particles (FEP attack) [M. Naseri, Quantum Inf. Process. online]. In this letter, we reexamine the protocol’s security and discover that except the FEP attack, using a special property of GHZ states, any one dishonest party can also take a special attack, i.e., double-CNOT(Controlled NOT) attack. Finally, a denial-of-service attack is also discussed.     

VPDN在虚拟校园网的应用

本文主要介绍利用虚拟专用拨号网(VPDN)实现虚拟校园网的技术方案,并讨论了虚拟校园网系统的安全性。     

关联规则挖掘在教师成长中的应用

本文在对数据挖掘相关技术、关联规则挖掘算法进行深入研究的基础上,归纳总结了基于粗糙集理论的关联规则挖掘模型和属性约简算法,并将其应用于高校教师的成长中。     

Windows操作系统EFS加密方式应用及解析

本文介绍了Windows操作系统中EFS加密方式的优点、操作步骤、加密原理及解密方法,并详细列举了5个重点注意事项,为全面理解Windows操作系统中使用的EFS加密手段提供了帮助。     

An improved constraint satisfaction adaptive neural network for job-shop scheduling

This paper presents an improved constraint satisfaction adaptive neural network for job-shop scheduling problems. The neural network is constructed based on the constraint conditions of a job-shop scheduling problem. Its structure and neuron connections can change adaptively according to the real-time constraint satisfaction situations that arise during the solving process. Several heuristics are also integrated within the neural network to enhance its convergence, accelerate its convergence, and improve the quality of the solutions produced. An experimental study based on a set of benchmark job-shop scheduling problems shows that the improved constraint satisfaction adaptive neural network outperforms the original constraint satisfaction adaptive neural network in terms of computational time and the quality of schedules it produces. The neural network approach is also experimentally validated to outperform three classical heuristic algorithms that are widely used as the basis of many state-of-the-art scheduling systems. Hence, it may also be used to construct advanced job-shop scheduling systems.     

Using jump-diffusion modeling for valuing real options in infrastructure projects

In infrastructure financed projects, in order to attract private investors, host governments often provide some guarantees. This paper develops a value model of minimum revenue guarantee with multiple-exercise real options under the impact of the emergency incident. The model is applied to infrastructure financed projects using the minimum revenue guarantee under simulation. The simulation results indicate that, before quantifying the value of the minimum revenue guarantee, it is necessary to forecast the jump degree and intensity of the emergency incident, as well as prevent and control risks arising from such emergencies. Otherwise, underestimation of the guarantee value will occur and the government will have to bear huge debt in this condition. We also analyze the dependence of the guaranteed value on the minimum guaranteed revenue level, initial revenue and number of exercise rights. For various conditions, the diagrams of the guaranteed value are also presented.