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41.
Functional polymers differ from structural polymers in various aspects. The most evident difference is their lack of visibility as they are mostly empolyed in surface applications, e.g. as crystal growth modifiers to inhibit encrustation in detergents, as hair setting agents, or as electro-conductive films. Additional important differences concerning the motivation for new developments, market aspects, and customer relationships are the subject of this paper. The development of technology and market competence in the field of functional polymers and the special problems of low-volume, high-performance chemicals are discussed in detail. The paper deals with examples of recent developments: Polyaramides for membranes, 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene as an electroconductive polymer, polyaspartic acid as a biodegradable polycarboxylate in detergents, highly crosslinked, insoluble vinylpyrrolidone/vinylimidazole copolymers for the removal of heavy metals from wine, and finally an insoluble, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex for the sterile filtration of liquids. The outlook discusses the research challenges which remain before a full understanding of the structure/property relationships can be attained. 相似文献
42.
The diffusion of solutions of ethyl centralite (EC), dibutylphthalate (DBP), and dinitrotoluene (DNT) into a nitrocellulose (NC) propellant is investigated. DBP and EC penetrate the propellant in a way consistent with Case II diffusion. The diffusion of DNT solutions is Fickian. The apparent activation energy for Case II diffusion is 62 kJ/mol for DBP and 66 kJ/mol for EC. Changes to coating solvent polarity have little effect on DNT and DBP penetration and merely alter the rate, not the mechanism, of EC diffusion into the propellant. 相似文献
43.
Dr. Christoph Goebel Prof.?Dr. Hans-Arno Jacobsen Victor del Razo Mag.? Christoph Doblander Dipl.-Ing. Jose Rivera Dipl-Inform.?Wirt Jens Ilg Dr. Christoph Flath Prof.?Dr. Hartmut Schmeck Prof.?Dr. Christof Weinhardt Dipl-Inform. Daniel Pathmaperuma Prof.?Dr. Dr.?h.?c. Hans-Jürgen Appelrath Prof.?Dr. Michael Sonnenschein Prof.?Dr. Sebastian Lehnhoff Prof.?Dr. Oliver Kramer Prof.?Dr. Thorsten Staake Prof.?Dr. Elgar Fleisch Prof.?Dr. Dirk Neumann Prof.?Dr. Jens Strüker Dr. Koray Erek Prof.?Dr. Rüdiger Zarnekow Dr. Holger Ziekow Prof.?Dr. J?rg L?ssig 《WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK》2014,56(1):31-39
Due to the increasing importance of producing and consuming energy more sustainably, Energy Informatics (EI) has evolved into a thriving research area within the CS/IS community. The article attempts to characterize this young and highly dynamic field of research by describing current EI research topics and methods and provides an outlook of how the field might evolve in the future. It is shown that two general research questions have received the most attention so far and are likely to dominate the EI research agenda in the coming years: How to leverage information and communication technology (ICT) to (1) improve energy efficiency, and (2) to integrate decentralized renewable energy sources into the power grid. Selected EI streams are reviewed, highlighting how the respective research questions are broken down into specific research projects and how EI researchers have made contributions based on their individual academic background. 相似文献
44.
Time-of-flight spectroscopy (TOF) and REMPI-TOF (resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization-TOF) were applied to measure the
angular and translational energy distribution, as well as the internal state resolved energy distribution of desorption and
reaction products on some model systems. Desorption of hydrogen and deuterium from clean and modified Pd(111) surfaces was
studied, where the palladium sample was part of a permeation source. Water formation by reaction of oxygen with hydrogen on
palladium was investigated by using different types of hydrogen supply: molecular H2 exposure and atomic H exposure from the gas phase, as well as H exposure by permeating hydrogen. Vanadium oxide nanostructures
on Pd(111) were prepared and the influence on D2 desorption and D2O production was investigated with the permeation technique. Additionally, deuterium desorption from sulfur and oxygen covered
V(111) and V(100) surfaces was studied by TOF and REMPI-TOF spectroscopy. From the TOF spectra information concerning the
reaction and desorption dynamics (activation barriers) could be gained. 相似文献
45.
Novel image fusion scheme based on dependency measure for robust multispectral palmprint recognition
Multispectral palmprint is considered as an effective biometric modality to accurately recognize a subject with high confidence. This paper presents a novel multispectral palmprint recognition system consisting of three functional blocks namely: (1) novel technique to extract Region of Interest (ROI) from the hand images acquired using a contact less sensor (2) novel image fusion scheme based on dependency measure (3) new scheme for feature extraction and classification. The proposed ROI extraction scheme is based on locating the valley regions between fingers irrespective of the hand pose. We then propose a novel image fusion scheme that combines information from different spectral bands using a Wavelet transform from various sub-bands. We then perform the statistical dependency analysis between these sub-bands to perform fusion either by selection or by weighted fusion. To effectively process the information from the fused image, we perform feature extraction using Log-Gabor transform whose feature dimension is reduced using Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) before performing the classification by employing a Sparse Representation Classifier (SRC). Extensive experiments are carried out on a CASIA multispectral palmprint database that shows the strong superiority of our proposed fusion scheme when benchmarked with contemporary state-of-the-art image fusion schemes. 相似文献
46.
Martin Atzmueller Martin Becker Mark Kibanov Christoph Scholz Stephan Doerfel Andreas Hotho 《New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia》2014,20(1):53-77
The combination of ubiquitous and social computing is an emerging research area which integrates different but complementary methods, techniques, and tools. In this paper, we focus on the Ubicon platform, its applications, and a large spectrum of analysis results. Ubicon provides an extensible framework for building and hosting applications targeting both ubiquitous and social environments. We summarize the architecture and exemplify its implementation using four real-world applications built on top of Ubicon. In addition, we discuss several scientific experiments in the context of these applications in order to give a better picture of the potential of the framework, and discuss analysis results using several real-world data sets collected utilizing Ubicon. 相似文献
47.
We present a wearable input system which enables interaction through 3D handwriting recognition. Users can write text in the air as if they were using an imaginary blackboard. The handwriting gestures are captured wirelessly by motion sensors applying accelerometers and gyroscopes which are attached to the back of the hand. We propose a two-stage approach for spotting and recognition of handwriting gestures. The spotting stage uses a support vector machine to identify those data segments which contain handwriting. The recognition stage uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) to generate a text representation from the motion sensor data. Individual characters are modeled by HMMs and concatenated to word models. Our system can continuously recognize arbitrary sentences, based on a freely definable vocabulary. A statistical language model is used to enhance recognition performance and to restrict the search space. We show that continuous gesture recognition with inertial sensors is feasible for gesture vocabularies that are several orders of magnitude larger than traditional vocabularies for known systems. In a first experiment, we evaluate the spotting algorithm on a realistic data set including everyday activities. In a second experiment, we report the results from a nine-user experiment on handwritten sentence recognition. Finally, we evaluate the end-to-end system on a small but realistic data set. 相似文献
48.
The deposition of dense solid particles in a downward, fully developed turbulent square duct flow at Reτ = 360, based on the mean friction velocity and the duct width, is studied using large eddy simulations of the fluid flow. The fluid and the particulate phases are treated using Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, respectively. A finite-volume based, second-order accurate fractional step scheme is used to integrate the incompressible form of the unsteady, three-dimensional, filtered Navier-Stokes equations on an 80 × 80 × 128 grid. A dynamic subgrid kinetic energy model is used to account for the unresolved scales. The Lagrangian particle equation of motion includes the drag, lift, and gravity forces and is integrated using the fourth-order accurate Runge-Kutta scheme. Two values of particle to fluid density ratio (ρp/ρf = 1000 and 8900) and five values of dimensionless particle diameter (dp/δ × 106 = 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000, δ is the duct width) are studied. Two particle number densities, consisting of 105 and 1.5 × 106 particles initially in the domain, are examined.Variations in the probability distribution function (PDF) of the particle deposition location with dimensionless particle response time, i.e. Stokes number, are presented. The deposition is seen to occur with greater probability near the center of the duct walls, than at the corners. The average streamwise and wall-normal deposition velocities of the particles increase with Stokes number, with their maxima occurring near the center of the duct wall. The computed deposition rates are compared to previously reported results for a circular pipe flow. It is observed that the deposition rates in a square duct are greater than those in a pipe flow, especially for the low Stokes number particles. Also, wall-deposition of the low Stokes number particles increases significantly by including the subgrid velocity fluctuations in computing the fluid forces on the particles. Two-way coupling and, to a greater extent, four-way coupling are seen to increase the deposition rates. 相似文献
49.
Metallo-Supramolecular Polymerization: A Route to Easy-To-Process Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Mark Burnworth Daniel Knapton Stuart J. Rowan Christoph Weder 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2007,17(1):91-103
The self-assembly polymerization of ditopic macromolecules via metal–ligand binding is a facile route for the preparation
of metallo-supramolecular polymers (MSPs). We herein review our recent work focused on the synthesis and investigation of
metallo-supramolecular polymers based on 2,6-bis(1′-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine endcapped poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) and poly(p-xylene) macromonomers. These materials are readily solution-processable and display appreciable mechanical properties as
well as other attractive properties such as specific opto/electrical functions or high thermal stability. Our work illustrates
that metallosupramolecular polymerization offers an attractive approach to assemble high-molecular-weight macromolecules from
well-defined, easy to process precursors. Variation of the ditopic ligands and metal ions allows one to easily tailor the
desired properties.
This paper is dedicated to Professor Ian Manners and his scientific accomplishments. 相似文献
50.
Temporal dynamics of social interaction networks as well as the analysis of communities are key aspects to gain a better understanding of the involved processes, important influence factors, their effects, and their structural implications. In this article, we analyze temporal dynamics of contacts and the evolution of communities in networks of face-to-face proximity. As our application context, we consider four scientific coil- ferences. On a structural level, we focus on static and dynamic properties of the contact graphs. Also, we analyze the resulting community structure using state-of-the-art automatic community detection algorithms. Specifically, we analyze tile evolution of contacts and communities over time to consider the stability of the respective conmmnities. Furthermore, we assess different factors which have an influence on the quality of com- munity prediction. Overall, we provide first important insights into the evolution of contacts and communities in face-to-face contact networks. 相似文献