冠带层新平台技术

子午线轮胎出现不久，就采用钢丝带束层代替了纤维带束层，这对于实现子午线轮胎提高使用寿命和改善操纵性能的潜能是必要的。     

Identification of organochlorines and organobromines in coals

Four Chinese bituminous coals were extracted with CS₂, n-hexane, benzene, methanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and THF/methanol (1: 3 vol/vol) mixed solvent sequentially. The resulting 28 extracts were analyzed with GC/MS. Six organochlorines (OCs) and two organobromines (OBs) were identified in eight extracts from the coals. Our experiments provide, for the first time, the information on the molecular structure of OCs and OBs in coals.     

Influence of mixing cycle on the degree of mixing of calcite‐filled polyethylene upon stretching

The mixing cycle‐dependent degree of dispersion and degree of mixing of a calcite (calcium carbonate) agglomerate in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrices upon stretching was investigated using three different techniques: mechanical property, morphological behavior, and image analyzer analyses. The mechanical properties analyzed in terms of the tensile strength and maximum elongation resulted in that the second mixing was the best for giving a better property for all systems except the LDPE system, which exhibited no significant difference between the second and third mixings. The morphological behavior of the three compounds were different, but no distinctive difference was observed to differentiate the degree of mixing from system to system. The number‐, weight‐, and z + 1‐average diameters of the air hole and the aspect ratio upon the stretching and mixing cycle were calculated to analyze the degree of mixing of the calcite‐filled composites. As a consequence, no difference in the average diameter of the air hole was obtained among the three systems, but the aspect ratios of the air hole varied significantly. Thus, the degree of dispersion and the degree of mixing may be influenced by the average calcite agglomerate size, the average diameter of the air hole, and the aspect ratio upon stretching and mixing cycles. Those factors would be formed by the difference in chemical characteristics upon various microstructures of polyethylene and its molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 311–321, 2003     

A multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid model: General derivation and application to pure fluids

A multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid model with no temperature dependence of close packed volumes of a mer, segment numbers and energy parameters of pure systems is presented. The multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid (MF-NLF) model with the local composition concept was capable of describing properties for complex systems. However, the MF-NLF model has strong temperature dependence of energy parameters and segment numbers of pure systems; thus empirical correlations as functions of temperature were represented for reliable and convenient use in engineering practices. The MF-NLF model without temperature dependence of pure parameters could not predict thermodynamic properties accurately. It was found that the present model with three parameters describes quantitatively the vapor pressure and the saturated density for the pure fluid.     

Synthesis of syndiotacticity‐rich high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) by suspension polymerization of vinyl pivalate and saponification

Vinyl pivalate (VPi) was suspension‐polymerized to synthesize high molecular weight (HMW) poly(vinyl pivalate) (PVPi) with a high conversion above 95% for a precursor of syndiotacticity‐rich HMW poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Also, the effects of the polymerization conditions on the conversion, molecular weight, and degree of branching (DB) of PVPi and PVA prepared by the saponification of PVPi were investigated. Bulk polymerization was slightly superior to suspension polymerization in increasing the molecular weight of PVA. On the other hand, the latter was absolutely superior to the former in increasing the conversion of the polymer, indicating that the suspension polymerization rate of VPi was faster than that of the bulk one. These effects could be explained by a kinetic order of a 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) concentration calculated by the initial rate method. Suspension polymerization of VPi at 55°C by controlling various polymerization factors proved to be successful in preparing PVA of HMW [number‐average degree of polymerization (P_n): 8200–10,500], high syndiotactic diad content (58%), and very high yield (ultimate conversion of VPi into PVPi: 94–98%). In the case of the bulk polymerization of VPi at the same conditions, the maximum P_n and conversion of 10,700–11,800 and 32–43% were obtained, respectively. The DB was lower and the P_n was higher with PVA prepared from PVPi polymerized at lower initiator concentrations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 832–839, 2003     

Preparation of water‐soluble syndiotacticity‐rich high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) microfibrillar fibers using copolymerization of vinyl pivalate and vinyl acetate and saponification

Water‐soluble high molecular weight (HMW) syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (s‐PVA) microfibrillar fibers were prepared by the saponification with various conditions such as amount of alkali solution, saponification temperature, and saponification concentration from copoly(vinyl pivalate (VPi)/vinyl acetate (VAc)) copolymerized using various VPi/VAc feed ratios. To produce s‐PVA microbrillar fibers having various water‐soluble temperatures for many industrial applications, the intrinsic viscosities, syndiotactic diad (S‐diad) contents, and degrees of saponification (DS)s of PVAs were finely controlled to 1.2–3.6 dL/g, 56.3–58.3%, and 91.4–98.3%, respectively. Through a series of experiments, it was found that the amount of alkali may alter the structure of the saponified polymers, primarily the DS, and the structural variation changes viscosity. That is, intrinsic viscosity was sharply decreased as the amount of alkali solution was increased. DS was increased with an increase in the amount of alkali solution. S‐diad content was increased with an increase in the VPi content. HMW s‐PVA microfibrillar fibers having S‐diad content of 56.3–58.3% prepared by the saponification of copoly(VPi/VAc) were completely soluble in water at 100°C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1482–1487, 2003     

Continuous ethanol production from wood hydrolysate by chemostat and total cell retention culture

Chemostat and total cell retention cultures with internal filter system ofSaecharomyc.es cerevisiae H1-7 were carried out to produce ethanol from wood hydrolysate. Maximum ethanol productivity obtained in a chemostat with the aeration rate of 1 vvm was 3.79 g/(L·h). This was 20% higher than that in a chemostat without aeration. However, the substrate was not completely consumed at the dilution rate with the maximum productivity. The realistic productivity, which has higher than 99% conversion rate of substrate, was. 2.95 g/(L·h). The maximum productivity in the total cell retention culture was 6.65 g/(L·h) at the dilution rate of 0.19 h¹ and the residual glucose concentration was negligible.     

Temperature effect on the permeation through poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membrane

The temperature dependence of permeability through highly syndiotactic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [P(HEMA)] membrane is reported for highly polar organic solutes such as ureas, methyl substituted ureas and amides, and for NaCl and Na₂SO₄. The membranes used were equilibrated in distilled water at each temperature before measurements. From the linear correlationship between the excess heat capacities, ?C_p^o(excess) in aqueous solution at infinite dilution and the permeability parameter PM^1/3, it is found that the water structure perturbing capability of the polar organic solutes is a controlling factor in the permeation mechanism at relatively low temperature, where P(HEMA) membrane has higher water content and more structured water. In addition, it is found that the poor separation for urea of cellulose acetate membrane in the reverse osmosis practice is due to the higher water structure-breaking capability of urea.     

Cure kinetics and mechanical properties of the blend system of epoxy/diaminodiphenyl sulfone and amine terminated polyetherimide-carboxyl terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) block copolymer

The cure kinetics of blends of epoxy resin (4,4’-tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane; TGDDM)/curing agent (diaminodiphenyl sulfone; DDS) with ATPEI (amine terminated poly-etherimide) -CTBN (carboxyl terminated poly (butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)) block copolymer (AB type) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry under isothermal conditions to determine the reaction kinetic parameters such as activation energy and reaction constants. Final cure conversion decreased with increasing amount of AB in the blends. A diffusion controlled reaction was observed as the cure conversion increased, and the curing reaction was successfully analyzed by incorporating the diffusion control term in the rate equation for the epoxy/DDS/AB blends. The fracture toughness was improved to about 350% compared to that of the unmodified resin at 30% of AB block copolymer. This is attributed to the formation of co-continuous morphology between the epoxy phase and AB block copolymer phase. By increasing the amount of AB, the modulus of the cured blends decreased, which was due to the presence of CTBN rubbery phases.     

Fundamental foaming mechanisms governing the volume expansion of extruded polypropylene foams

This article describes the fundamental foaming mechanisms that governed the volume expansion behavior of extruded polypropylene (PP) foams. A careful analysis of extended experimental results indicated that the final volume expansion ratio of the extruded PP foams blown with butane was governed by either the loss of the blowing agent or the crystallization of the polymer matrix. A charge coupling device (CCD) camera was installed at the die exit to carefully monitor the shape of the extruded PP foams. The CCD images were analyzed to illustrate both mechanisms, gas loss and crystallization, during foaming at various temperatures, and the maximum expansion ratio was achieved when the governing mechanism was changed from one to the other. In general, the gas loss mode was dominant at high temperatures and the crystallization mode was dominant at low temperatures. When the gas loss mode was dominant, the volume expansion ratio increased with decreasing temperature because of the reduced amount of gas lost. By contrast, when the crystallization mode was dominant, the expansion ratio increased with increasing temperature because of the delayed solidification of the polymer. The processing window variation with the butane concentration, the change in the temperature ranges for the two governing modes, and the sensitivity of melt temperature variations to the volume expansion ratio are discussed in detail on the basis of the obtained experimental results for both branched and linear PP materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2661–2668, 2004