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991.
Abstract Crossflow induced vibrations of a triangular tube array with a pitch ratio 1.33 were investigated experimentally. The streamwise and cross‐stream displacements of a monitored tube in the array were simultaneously measured by two accelerometers to examine the tube response to the cross flow in a water tunnel. The experiment was aimed to study the effects of the array orientation, and the tube's natural frequency on the flow induced vibration of the tube array. It is shown by amplitude diagrams that fluid elastic vibrations exist when the reduced velocity is above a critical value. The critical reduced velocity is found to be sensitive to the orientation of the test array. Based on the measured data of critical reduced velocity, the tube array in a triangular pattern (at a 30‐deg orientation with respect to the flow direction in the experiment) is found to be more stable than when in a rotated triangular pattern (0‐deg orientation). Furthermore, it is illustrated that the discrepancy in natural frequency of the tubes delays the occurrence of the fluid elastic vibrations of the tube array. With all the tubes in the test array having the same natural frequency, the orbits of the tube that exhibits fluid elastic vibrations are an organized, elliptic shape. The corresponding spectra are line‐dominated with peaks at the natural frequency and its harmonics, suggesting that the tube vibration is an organized oscillator. Without the same natural frequency as the surrounding tubes, the monitored tube exhibits fluid elastic vibration at larger reduced velocity, vibrating in a relatively random orbit. 相似文献
992.
Seonyeob Kim Ji Young Jung Han Ho Song Seung Jin Song Kook Young Ahn Sang Min Lee Young Duk Lee Sanggyu Kang 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
In a previous study, a new hybrid system of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine was developed, where the HCCI engine replaces the catalytic burner and produces additional power by using the left-over heating values from the fuel cell stack. In the present study, to reduce the additional cost and footprint of the engine system in a hybrid configuration, the possibility of engine downsizing is investigated by using two strategies, i.e. the use of a turbocharger and the use of high geometric compression ratio for the engine design, both of which are to increase the density of the intake charge and thus the volumetric efficiency of the engine. Combining these two strategies, we suggest a new engine design with ∼60% of displacement volume of the original engine. In addition, operating strategies are developed to run the new hybrid system under part load conditions. It is successfully demonstrated that the system can operate down to 65% of the power level of the design point, while the system efficiency remains almost unchanged near 63%. 相似文献
993.
994.
Polyurethane (PU) grafted with several well-known pH indicators (alizarin yellow, bromocresol green, bromocresol purple, or thymol blue) via spacer is characterized for thermal, spectroscopic, mechanical, and shape memory properties, as well as for PU color change to aqueous solution with various pH values. The PU polymer frame is composed of 4,4′-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MDI), which acts as a hard segment, poly(tetramethyleneglycol) (PTMG) as a soft segment, and a covalently linked pH indicator. The four different PU series studied in this work display characteristic color dependent upon the grafted indicator type. The PU series also exhibit a small degree of cross-linking due to the grafting agent used to covalently link the indicator to the PU frame. The tensile mechanical strength and the shape recovery of the indicator-grafted PU remain high after repeated tests compared to that of the plain linear PU. Regarding the tensile mechanical properties, the maximum stress and the strain increase to 424 and 1,880 %, respectively, for indicator-grafted PU compared to the linear PU. Furthermore, the shape recovery is observed to reach 98 % and improves after each test cycle. A reversible color change is observed after repeated exposure to aqueous solutions with varying pH values and is confirmed with UV-VIS spectra results. 相似文献
995.
Ho Lee Taehee Kim Woojong Sim Saehoon Kim Byungki Ahn Taewon Lim Kwonpil Park 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2011,28(2):487-491
During the operation of a PEMFC, the polymer membrane is degraded by electrochemical reactions and mechanical stresses. We
investigated the effects of repeated electrochemical and mechanical degradations in a membrane. For mechanical degradation,
the membrane and MEA were repeatedly subjected to wet/dry cycles; for electrochemical degradation, the cell was operated under
open-circuit voltage (OCV)/low-humidity conditions. The repeated wet/dry cycles led to a decrease in the mechanical strength
of the membrane. When the MEA was degraded electrochemically, repeated wet/dry cycling resulted in the formation of pinholes
in the membrane. In the case of different MEAs that were first degraded electrochemically, the extents of their hydrogen crossover
currents increased due to repeated wet/dry cycling being different. Therefore, these results indicated that the membrane durability
could be evaluated by these methods of repeated electrochemical degradation and wet/dry cycles. 相似文献
996.
Ho Seong Lee Hyun Mi Lee Jun-Young Park Hyung-Tae Lim 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(49):22511-22518
This study investigated the effect of H2S concentration (5, 10 and 50 ppm) on the degradation and performance of Ni-YSZ anode supported solid oxide fuel cells. When supplied with hydrogen fuel containing H2S, the cell voltage dropped rapidly, and with increasing H2S concentration, voltage drop % increased (due to higher sulfur coverage on the Ni surface) and saturated more rapidly. A high concentration (50 ppm) of H2S led to an additional, slow rate voltage loss. In all cases, cell performance did not completely recover even after being supplied with H2S-free hydrogen fuel, because of the incomplete desorption of sulfur from the Ni surface. After the performance tests, nickel sulfides were detected on the Ni surface by Raman spectra, which were produced by the reaction of the remaining adsorbed sulfur with Ni during the cooling process. This indicates that the formation of nickel sulfides was not responsible for the secondary voltage drop. SEM/EDS analyses combined with FIB revealed that the reason for the additional 2nd drop was Ni oxidation; at a high sulfur coverage ratio (50 ppm), the outer layer of the Ni particle was oxidized by oxygen ions transported from the electrolyte. This indicates that H2S concentration as well as current density is a critical factor for Ni oxidation, and gives rise to the second voltage drop (irreversible cell degradation). The present work showed that the degradation behavior and phenomenon can differ significantly depending on the concentration of H2S, i.e., permanent changes may or may not occur on the anode (such as Ni oxidation) depending upon H2S concentration. 相似文献
997.
998.
Shih-Jen Huang Chung-Ru Ho Sheng-Lin Lin 《International journal of remote sensing》2014,35(11-12):4484-4495
The Kuroshio current-induced island wake downstream of Green Island, Taiwan, is studied using satellite imagery and a depth-averaged shallow-water model. Spatial–temporal scales, such as aspect ratio, dimensionless width, and Strouhal number, as well as propagation speed of the vortices, are quantified for Reynolds numbers 100, 200, and 500, respectively. It is found that the aspect ratio is between 1.76 and 2.72 obtained from satellite images and between 3.50 and 3.72 from numerical simulations. The dimensionless width is in the range of 1.84 to 1.92 from satellite images, and 1.29 to 1.33 from numerical modelling. The Strouhal number is between 0.17 and 0.20 from numerical simulations. Computed results are compared with theory, available satellite imagery, and in situ measurements, and show reasonable agreement. The magnitude of the propagation speed of the vortices is found to be of the same order as that of the Kuroshio, implying non-linearity as well as interactions of vortices, and the Kuroshio is strong. The Coriolis force affects the free-surface distribution, but its effect on vortices and flow field is insignificant. 相似文献
999.
1000.