The effects of mechanical milling on the carbothermal reduction of oxidized WC/Co hardmetal scrap with solid carbon were examined. Mixed powders were manufactured by milling the WC/Co hard metal scrap oxide and carbon powder in either a tumbler-ball mill or a planetary-ball mill. The milling type affected the carbothermal reduction of the oxide owing to the differing collision energies (mechanical milling energies) in the mills. The hardmetal scrap oxide powder (WO3, CoWO4) milled at high energy was more greatly reduced and at a lower temperature than that milled at lower mechanical energy. The formation of WC by the carburization reaction with solid carbon reached completion at a lower temperature after higher-energy milling than after lower-energy milling. The WC/Co composite particles synthesized by the combined oxidationmechanical milling-carbothermal reduction process were smaller when the initial powder was milled at higher mechanical energy. 相似文献
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is attracting significant interest as a clean energy alternative to other fossil fuels, mainly for its ease of transport and low carbon dioxide emission. As worldwide demand for LNG consumption has increased, liquefied natural gas floating, production, storage, and offloading (LNG-FPSO) operations have been studied for offshore applications. In particular, the LNG-FPSO topside process systems are located in limited areas. Therefore, the process plant layout of the LNG-FPSO topside systems will be optimized to reduce the area cost occupied by the topside equipment, and this process plant layout will be designed as a multifloor concept. We describe an optimal layout for a generic offshore LNG liquefaction process operated by the dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) cycle. To optimize the multifloor layout for the DMR liquefaction cycle process, an optimization was performed by dividing it into first and the second cycles. A mathematical model of the multifloor layout problem based on these two cycles was formulated, and an optimal multifloor layout was determined by mixed integer linear programming. The mathematical model of the first cycle consists of 725 continuous variables, 198 equality constraints, and 1,107 inequality constraints. The mathematical model of the second cycle consists of 1,291 continuous variables, 286 equality constraints, and 2,327 inequality constraints. The minimization of the total layout cost was defined as an objective function. The proposed model was applied to DMR liquefaction cycle process to determine the optimal multifloor layout. 相似文献
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry - In this study, a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on a zirconia oxide-decorated gold nanoflake nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon... 相似文献
A numerical study was carried out using a molecular dynamics program to examine the wetting characteristics of nano-sized water droplets on surfaces with various pillar surface fractions under different conditions. Square-shaped pillars had surface fractions that increased from 11.1 % to 69.4 %. The pillars had 4 different heights and 3 different surface energies. When the pillar surface fraction changed, the contact angle of a water droplet also changed due to the attraction between the droplet and the pillar surface or the inner attraction of the water molecules. The pillar height also has different effects on the water droplet depending on the magnitude of surface energy. 相似文献
Excess amounts of redox stress and failure to regulate homeostatic levels of reactive species are associated with several skin pathophysiologic conditions. Nonmalignant cells are assumed to cope better with higher reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels. However, the effect of periodic stress on this balance has not been investigated in fibroblasts in the field of plasma medicine. In this study, we aimed to investigate intrinsic changes with respect to cellular proliferation, cell cycle, and ability to neutralize the redox stress inside fibroblast cells following periodic redox stress in vitro. Soft jet plasma with air as feeding gas was used to generate plasma-activated medium (PAM) for inducing redox stress conditions. We assessed cellular viability, energetics, and cell cycle machinery under oxidative stress conditions at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Fibroblasts retained their usual physiological properties until 6 weeks. Fibroblasts failed to overcome the redox stress induced by periodic PAM exposure after 6 weeks, indicating its threshold potential. Periodic stress above the threshold level led to alterations in fibroblast cellular processes. These include consistent increases in apoptosis, while RONS accumulation and cell cycle arrest were observed at the final stages. Currently, the use of NTP in clinical settings is limited due to a lack of knowledge about fibroblasts’ behavior in wound healing, scar formation, and other fibrotic disorders. Understanding fibroblasts’ physiology could help to utilize nonthermal plasma in redox-related skin diseases. Furthermore, these results provide new information about the threshold capacity of fibroblasts and an insight into the adaptation mechanism against periodic oxidative stress conditions in fibroblasts. 相似文献
In the development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), secondary building units (SBUs) have been utilized as molecular modules for the construction of nanoporous materials with robust structures. Under solvothermal synthetic conditions, dynamic changes in the metal coordination environments and ligand coordination modes of SBUs determine the resultant product structures. Alternatively, MOF phases with new topologies can also be achieved by post-synthetic treatment of as-synthesized MOFs via the introduction of acidic or basic moieties that cause the simultaneous cleavage/reformation of coordination bonds in the solid state. In this sense, we studied the solid-state transformation of two ndc-based Zn-MOFs (ndc = 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate) with different SBUs but the same pcu topology to another MOF with sev topology. One of the chosen MOFs with pcu nets is [Zn2(ndc)2(bpy)]n (bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine), (6Cbpy-MOF) consisting of a 6-connected pillared-paddlewheel SBU, and the other is IRMOF-7 composed of 6-connected Zn4O(COO)6 SBUs and ndc. Upon post-structural modification, these pcu MOFs were converted into the same MOF with sev topology constructed from the uncommon 7-connected Zn4O(COO)7 SBU (7C-MOF). The appropriate post-synthetic conditions for the transformation of each SBUs were systematically examined. In addition, the effect of the pillar molecules in the pillared-paddlewheel MOFs on the topology conversion was studied in terms of the linker basicity, which determines the inertness during the solid-state phase transformation. This post-synthetic modification approach is expected to expand the available methods for designing and synthesizing MOFs with controlled topologies.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, no effective therapeutic intervention has been established for ischemic AKI. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have major roles in the maintenance of vascular integrity and the repair of endothelial damage; they also serve as therapeutic agents in various kidney diseases. Thus, we examined whether EPCs have a renoprotective effect in an IRI mouse model. Mice were assigned to sham, EPC, IRI-only, and EPC-treated IRI groups. EPCs originating from human peripheral blood were cultured. The EPCs were administered 5 min before reperfusion, and all mice were killed 72 h after IRI. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and tissue injury were significantly increased in IRI mice; EPCs significantly improved the manifestations of IRI. Apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress were significantly reduced in EPC-treated IRI mice. Administration of EPCs decreased the expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, p-NF-κB, and p-p38. Furthermore, the expression levels of F4/80, ICAM-1, RORγt, and IL-17RA were significantly reduced in EPC-treated IRI mice. Finally, the levels of EMT-associated factors (TGF-β, α-SMA, Snail, and Twist) were significantly reduced in EPC-treated IRI mice. This study shows that inflammasome-mediated inflammation accompanied by immune modulation and fibrosis is a potential target of EPCs as a treatment for IRI-induced AKI and the prevention of progression to CKD. 相似文献