A Fullerene Seeded Strategy for Facile Construction of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nano-Onions as Robust Electrocatalysts

Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) as a novel form of carbon materials hold peculiar structural features but their electrocatalytic applications are largely discouraged by the demanding synthesis conditions (e.g., ≥1500 °C and vacuum). Using C₆₀ fullerene molecules as the sacrificial seeds and melamine as the main feedstock, herein, a novel strategy for the facile construction of CNOs nanoparticles is presented with ultrafine sizes (≈5 nm) at relatively low temperatures (≤900 °C) and atmospheric pressure. During the calcination, in-depth characterizations reveal that C₆₀ can retain the melamine-derived graphitic carbon nitride from complete sublimation at high temperatures (≥700 °C). Owing to the N removal and subsequent pentagon generation, severely deformed graphitic fragments together with the disintegrated C₆₀ molecules merge into larger sized nanosheets with high curvature, eventually leading to the formation of N-doped defect-rich CNOs. Owing to the integration of multiple favorable structural features of pentagons, edges, and N dopants, the CNOs obtained at 900 °C present superior oxygen reduction half-wave potential (0.853 V_RHE) and zinc–air cathode performance to the commercial Pt/C (0.838 V_RHE). Density functional theory calculation further uncovers that the carbon atoms adjacent to the N-doped edged pentagons are turned into the ORR-active sites with O₂ protonation as the rate-determining step.     

基于加权最大范数的SAR自聚焦方法

基于最大似然估计的特征向量分解自聚焦算法利用最大特征值对应的特征向量实现对相位误差的估计。该方法虽然具备精确和稳健的性能,但需要对协方差矩阵进行特征分解,导致实际数据在处理中运算量巨大,对内存要求也很高,难以在实时合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像处理中应用。该文提出一种基于加权最大范数的自聚焦方法,通过求解二范数最大化的优化函数对目标特征向量进行估计,避免了特征值的分解过程,有效提升了运算效率;利用信噪比加权的思想,对不同距离单元赋予不同的权值,增强了优质特显点样本对相位误差的估计贡献,有效改善了自聚焦精度。通过实测SAR和ISAR数据处理验证了算法的有效性。     

光学元件面形误差的光滑延展算法

在离子束抛光工艺中,为了提高驻留时间求解算法在工件边缘处的求解精度,需要对原始面形误差数据进行有界光滑延展。推导并提出了一种基于高斯曲线的曲面延展算法,该算法利用了高斯函数的有界性、光滑性和参数连续性。将该曲面延展算法应用于带有高频噪声的面形误差工件的驻留时间求解过程中,驻留时间算法在光学元件边缘处的残余误差得到了抑制,使得驻留时间算法在整个通光口径内的收敛率达到了97%（RMS）。这表明基于高斯曲线的曲面光滑延展算法能实现光学元件面形误差的光滑延展,并具有良好的抗噪声干扰能力,改善了驻留时间算法的求解精度。     

Quantitation Method to the Imperceptibility of ：-Iiding-Vector in Multi-dimensional Hiding Space

Currently, few general methods have been suggested to quantitate the imperceptibility among var- ious hiding algorithms. Especially, it is a challenge to quantitate the imperceptibility of the hiding-vector, which is consisted of orthogonal hiding algorithms in the multi- dimensional hiding space. In this paper, a novel model of general imperceptibility quantitation was proposed. Ac- cording to this model, a quantitation method based on the relative entropy was designed. It is proved under this quantitation method that there exists the global maximal imperceptibility for any specified hiding-vector capacity. An optimization algorithm was proposed to approach this maximum by adjusting the allocation of secret message into each components of the hiding-vector. Experiments with VoIP and bitmap multi-dimensional hiding space validated the effectiveness of the designed quantitation method and the proposed optimization algorithm.     

Equivalent doping profile transformation: a new analytical method to predict breakdown voltage of the composite pn junction

This paper describes a new analytical method called the equivalent doping profile of a composite p–n junction, that is, a simplified diffused junction with a linear gradient G _L on the diffused side and a constant concentration N _sub on the substrate. The analytical results for various combinations of the substrate doping concentration and the diffused side gradient levels agree well with the numerical analysis, showing the validity of the method presented here.     

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??Due to downhole complexities, shale-gas horizontal well fracturing in the Sichuan Basin suffered from casing deformation and failure to apply the technique of cable-conveyed perforation bridge plug. In view of these problems, a new technique of staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling is employed. Based on theoretical analyses and field tests, a design of optimized parameters of coiled tubing multi-cluster sand-blasting perforation and temporary plugging by sand filling was proposed. It was applied in the horizontal Well ZJ-1 in which casing deformation occurred. The following results are achieved in field operations. First, this technique enables selective staged fracturing in horizontal sections. Second, this technique can realize massive staged fracturing credibly without mechanical plugging, with the operating efficiency equivalent to the conventional bridge plug staged fracturing. Third, full-hole is preserved after fracturing, thus it is possible to directly conduct an open flow test without time consumption of a wiper trip. The staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling facilitated the 14-stage fracturing in Well ZJ-1, with similar SRV to that achieved by conventional bridge plug staged fracturing and higher gas yield than neighboring wells at the same platform. Thus, a new and effective technique is presented in multi-cluster staged volume fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells.     

Catalytic study for methanol aromatization over hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized by kaolin

Hierarchical and conventional ZSM-5 zeolites were synthesized through steam-assisted crystallization approach using acid-treatment kaolin clay as the silica and aluminium sources. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, NH₃-TPD, N₂-physisorption and TG techniques. The results showed that hierarchical ZSM-5 had rich mesopores and bigger specific surface. In conversion of methanol to aromatics, hierarchical and conventional ZSM-5 zeolites showed higher selectivity for aromatics compared with commercial ZSM-5. Under the conditions of 450 °C, 0.15 MPa, the synthesized hierarchical ZSM-5 showed longest lifetime of 380 h, which was 2 and 6 times than those of conventional and commercial ZSM-5, respectively.     

鄂尔多斯盆地天环坳陷北段桌子山组白云岩碳氧同位素特征及意义

通过空间展布和不同类型白云岩的碳氧同位素特征,诠释了鄂尔多斯盆地西部天环坳陷北段奥陶系桌子山组白云岩的成因和储层地质学意义。研究区白云岩主要有微-粉晶白云岩、残余砂屑细晶白云岩和细-中晶白云岩3种,其中微-粉晶白云岩δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O平均值为0.78‰和-5.0‰;残余砂屑细晶白云岩δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O平均值为0.53‰和-6.5‰;细-中晶白云岩δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O平均值为0.47‰和-6.3‰。桌子山组白云岩碳氧同位素的组成位于正常海相碳酸盐岩范围之内,说明其白云石化流体来源于囚禁的古海水。白云岩碳氧同位素演化特征及成岩作用特征,指示微-粉晶白云岩为准同生阶段白云石化的产物,而残余砂屑细晶白云岩及细-中晶白云岩则为浅埋藏白云石化的产物。     

基本网络元件数学模型及电磁暂态分析研究

随着电力系统的规模增大和新型电力电子器件的接入,系统数字仿真具有了更大的复杂性,电力系统仿真对电力系统发展的重要性变得更加突出,已成为电力系统的研究、规划、运行、设计等各个方面中不可或缺的工具。文中介绍了电力系统仿真分析方法的研究现状;随后分析了电感、电容、变压器等网络元件的数学模型,得到了各元件模型差分化之后的计算表达式;最后通过编写C++程序,对一阶电路和二阶电路进行了暂态过程仿真,获得了不同电路下暂态电压与电流的时域变化曲线。通过与理论结果比较,确认了仿真结果的准确性和使用数字仿真对系统进行分析的可行性。