Polyvinyl alcohol/silver electrospun nanofibers: Biocidal filter media capturing virus-size particles

In response to the nowadays battle against SARS-CoV-2, we designed a new class of high performant filter media suitable to advance the facemask technology and provide new efficient widespread solutions against virus propagation. By means of the electrospinning technology we developed filter media based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers doped with AgNPs combining three main performance requirements: high air filtration efficiency to capture nanometer-size particles, low airflow resistance essential to ensure breathability and antimicrobial activity to inactivate aerosolized microorganisms. PVA/AgNPs electrospun nanofibers were produced by electrospinning the dispersion of colloidal silver into the PVA water solution. A widespread physicochemical characterization was addressed to the Ag colloidal suspension. The key functional performances of the electrospun nanofibers were proven by water stability, antibacterial activity, and filtration efficiency and pressure drop measurements performed under conditions representative of facemasks. We assessed a total bacterial depletion associated to a filtering efficiency towards nano-aerosolized particles of 97.7% higher than required by the EN149 standard and a pressure drop in line with FFP1 and FFP2 masks, even at the highest filtration velocity. Such results pave the way to the application of PVA/AgNPs electrospun nanofibers in facemasks as advanced filtering media for protecting against airborne microorganisms.     

Extracellular Vesicle-Derived microRNAs of Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells May Activate Endogenous VEGF-A to Promote Angiogenesis

Despite low levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, the secretome of human Wharton’s jelly (WJ) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) effectively promoted proangiogenic responses in vitro, which were impaired upon the depletion of small (~140 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs). The isolated EVs shared the low VEGF-A profile of the secretome and expressed five microRNAs, which were upregulated compared to fetal dermal MSC-derived EVs. These upregulated microRNAs exclusively targeted the VEGF-A gene within 54 Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes, 18 of which are associated with angiogenesis. Moreover, 15 microRNAs of WJ-MSC-derived EVs were highly expressed (Ct value ≤ 26) and exclusively targeted the thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) gene within 75 GO biological processes, 30 of which are associated with the regulation of tissue repair. The relationship between predicted microRNA target genes and WJ-MSC-derived EVs was shown by treating human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with appropriate doses of EVs. The exposure of HUVECs to EVs for 72 h significantly enhanced the release of VEGF-A and THBS1 protein expression compared to untreated control cells. Finally, WJ-MSC-derived EVs stimulated in vitro tube formation along with the migration and proliferation of HUVECs. Our findings can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the proangiogenic responses induced by human umbilical cord-derived MSCs, suggesting a key regulatory role for microRNAs delivered by EVs.     

Evolution and perspectives of cultivar identification and traceability from tree to oil and table olives by means of DNA markers

In recent years, an increasing number of typicality marks has been awarded to high‐quality olive oils produced from local cultivars. In this case, quality control requires effective varietal checks of the starting materials. Moreover, accurate cultivar identification is essential in vegetative‐propagated plants distributed by nurseries and is a pre‐requisite to register new cultivars. Food genomics provides many tools for cultivar identification and traceability from tree to oil and table olives. The results of the application of different classes of DNA markers to olive with the purpose of checking cultivar identity and variability of plant material are extensively discussed in this review, with special regard to repeatability issues and polymorphism degree. The characterization of olive germplasm from all countries of the Mediterranean basin and from less studied geographical areas is described and innovative high‐throughput molecular tools to manage reference collections are reviewed. Then the transferability of DNA markers to processed products – virgin olive oils and table olives – is overviewed to point out strengths and weaknesses, with special regard to (i) the influence of processing steps and storage time on the quantity and quality of residual DNA, (ii) recent advances to overcome the bottleneck of DNA extraction from processed products, (iii) factors affecting whole comparability of DNA profiles between fresh plant materials and end‐products, (iv) drawbacks in the analysis of multi‐cultivar versus single‐cultivar end‐products and (v) the potential of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based techniques. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Validation of UPLC/ESI-MS method used for the identification and quantification of wool,cashmere and yak fibres

The method based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI–MS) instrument was used for the identification and quantification of the most commercial Bovidae fibres (wool, cashmere and yak). In the present paper, this method was developed and validated by the authors and confirmed by many analyses of, known and unknown, wool/cashmere/yak blends at different stages of manufacture (fibres, slivers, yarns, fabrics, and raw materials) and with different treatments (dyed, depigmented, bleached, finished forms).     

Generation of Hepatobiliary Cell Lineages from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Applications in Disease Modeling and Drug Screening

The possibility to reproduce key tissue functions in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is offering an incredible opportunity to gain better insight into biological mechanisms underlying development and disease, and a tool for the rapid screening of drug candidates. This review attempts to summarize recent strategies for specification of iPSCs towards hepatobiliary lineages —hepatocytes and cholangiocytes—and their use as platforms for disease modeling and drug testing. The application of different tissue-engineering methods to promote accurate and reliable readouts is discussed. Space is given to open questions, including to what extent these novel systems can be informative. Potential pathways for improvement are finally suggested.     

Listeria innocua growth in fresh cut mixed leafy salads packaged in modified atmosphere

To investigate Listeria innocua fate in fresh cut mixed leafy salads, packaged both in ordinary (OA) and modified atmosphere (MA), the type strain DSM 20649 was inoculated and its behaviour was monitored by conventional and molecular approaches, during storage at 4 °C.Results indicated that: fresh cut salads packaged under MA (at initial conditions of 6% CO₂ and 3% O₂) supported the growth of Listeria spp.; conventional plating technique could not detect L. innocua even into inoculated samples, whereas; PCR–DGGE analysis showed that the L. innocua became one of the dominant species in samples packaged in MA, starting from the 3rd day of storage.The study confirms that modified atmosphere has to be applied together with other preservative techniques in order to assure the inhibition of pathogenic micro-organisms in fresh cut vegetables.     

Analogs of a Natural Peptaibol Exert Anticancer Activity in Both Cisplatin- and Doxorubicin-Resistant Cells and in Multicellular Tumor Spheroids

Peptaibols, by disturbing the permeability of phospholipid membranes, can overcome anticancer drug resistance, but their natural hydrophobicity hampers their administration. By a green peptide synthesis protocol, we produced two water-soluble analogs of the peptaibol trichogin GA IV, termed K6-Lol and K6-NH2. To reduce production costs, we successfully explored the possibility of changing the naturally occurring 1,2-aminoalcohol leucinol to a C-terminal amide. Peptaibol activity was evaluated in ovarian cancer (OvCa) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cell lines. Peptaibols exerted comparable cytotoxic effects in cancer cell lines that were sensitive—and had acquired resistance—to cisplatin and doxorubicin, as well as in the extrinsic-drug-resistant OvCa 3-dimensional spheroids. Peptaibols, rapidly taken up by tumor cells, deeply penetrated and killed OvCa-spheroids. They led to cell membrane permeabilization and phosphatidylserine exposure and were taken up faster by cancer cells than normal cells. They were resistant to proteolysis and maintained a stable helical structure in the presence of cancer cells. In conclusion, these promising results strongly point out the need for further preclinical evaluation of our peptaibols as new anticancer agents.     

Receptor–Receptor Interactions and Glial Cell Functions with a Special Focus on G Protein-Coupled Receptors

The discovery that receptors from all families can establish allosteric receptor–receptor interactions and variably associate to form receptor complexes operating as integrative input units endowed with a high functional and structural plasticity has expanded our understanding of intercellular communication. Regarding the nervous system, most research in the field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of many receptor complexes representing an important mechanism to fine-tune synaptic efficiency. Receptor–receptor interactions, however, also modulate glia–neuron and glia–glia intercellular communication, with significant consequences on synaptic activity and brain network plasticity. The research on this topic is probably still at the beginning and, here, available evidence will be reviewed and discussed. It may also be of potential interest from a pharmacological standpoint, opening the possibility to explore, inter alia, glia-based neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.     

Vapor phase synthesis, characterization and gas sensing performances of Co3O4 and Au/Co3O4 nanosystems

Al2O3-supported Co3O4 nanosystems were grown by a Chemical Vapor Deposition route under O2 + H2O atmospheres at 500 degrees C. Subsequently, the preparation of Au/Co3O4 composites was attained by Radio Frequency-Sputtering of gold onto the previous Co3O4 nanodeposits. Important data on the system structure, morphology and chemical composition were obtained by the combined use of complementary techniques, namely Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Finally, the gas sensing properties of the synthesized systems were probed in the detection of ethanol and hydrogen. The obtained results revealed significant responses already at moderate temperatures, which could be further enhanced by Co3O4 functionalization with Au nanoparticles.