Structural integrity analysis of axially cracked pipelines using conventional and constraint-modified failure assessment diagrams

This study explores applications of the failure assessment diagram (FAD) methodology to predict the failure behaviour for high pressure pipelines with planar defects having different geometries (i.e., crack depth and crack length). One purpose of this investigation is to assess the capability of FAD procedures in integrity analyses of high pressure pipelines with varying crack configurations. Another purpose is to address the effectiveness of constraint-based FADs to predict burst pressure of low-constraint cracked pipelines. Full scale burst testing of end-capped pipe specimens with axial surface flaws provide the data needed to compare the failure predictions derived from the FAD procedures. The analyses reveal that the degree of agreement between predicted pressures and experimentally measured values depends rather markedly on the crack size for the tested pipes. Moreover, the analyses also show a possible weak dependence of the predicted pressures on the constraint-based correction scheme. Overall, the results validate the use of FAD-based methodologies for defect assessments of axially cracked pipelines.     

Photovoltaic Devices: High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells with Spray Coated Hole‐Transport and Active Layers (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2011)

In this study, we report high performance organic solar cells with spray coated hole‐transport and active layers. With optimized ink formulations we are able to deposit films with controlled thickness and very low surface roughness (<10 nm). Specifically we deposit smooth and uniform 40 nm thick films of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as well as films composed of a mixture of poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) and the C₆₀‐derivative (6,6)‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with thicknesses in the range 200–250 nm. To control film morphology, formation and thickness, the optimized inks incorporate two solvent systems in order to take advantage of surface tension gradients to create Marangoni flows that enhance the coverage of the substrate and reduce the roughness of the film. Notably, we achieve fill factors above 70% and attribute the improvement to an enhanced P3HT crystallization, which upon optimized post‐drying thermal annealing results in a favorable morphology. As a result, we could extend the thickness of the layer to several hundreds of nanometers without noticing a substantial decrease of the transport properties of the layer. By proper understanding of the spreading and drying dynamics of the inks we achieve spray coated devices with power conversion efficiency of 3.75%, with fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage of 70%, 9.8 mA cm^?2 and 550 mV, respectively.     

听海的声音 东京le salon专卖店

克劳迪·克鲁奇(Claudio Colucc)i,1965年出生于瑞士Locarno,著名工业设计师、室内设计师,先后毕业于日内瓦装饰艺术学院以及巴黎法国国立高等设计学院。回到巴黎之后,追随法国设计大师Philippe Starck从事设计创作。1994年与四位业界同好创立"巴黎工业设计自动生产研究派",并于2000年获得巴黎家居沙龙展年度设计师荣誉。因多年对东方文     

Modeling the decay of ammonium oxidizing bacteria

A bench-scale sequencing batch reactor was used to study factors affecting the endogenous decay of the ammonium oxidizing biomass (AOB) in different operating conditions. AOB decay was very sensitive to oxygen concentration, and increased up to 0.4 d⁻¹ for oxygen concentration of 7 mg O₂ L⁻¹. The decay in anaerobic conditions was shown to be very low (0.03 d⁻¹) when compared to literature data.The effect of nitrite and nitrate on AOB decay was also studied. The correlation was quite weak suggesting that both nitrate and nitrite absence had little impact on decay which is contrary to what is typically assumed in some of the existing process models. A simple expression for the decay of AOB was proposed, calibrated and validated using the results of batch kinetic tests and of the continuous sequencing batch reactor monitoring.     

A model approach to assess the long-term trends of indirect photochemistry in lake water. The case of Lake Maggiore (NW Italy)

A model-based approach is here developed and applied to predict the long-term trends of indirect photochemical processes in the surface layer (5 m water depth) of Lake Maggiore, NW Italy. For this lake, time series of the main parameters of photochemical importance that cover almost two decades are available. As a way to assess the relevant photochemical reactions, the modelled steady-state concentrations of important photogenerated transients (^•OH, ³CDOM* and CO₃^-•) were taken into account. A multivariate analysis approach was adopted to have an overview of the system, to emphasise relationships among chemical, photochemical and seasonal variables, and to highlight annual and long-term trends. Over the considered time period, because of the decrease of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of water and of the increase of alkalinity, a significant increase is predicted for the steady-state concentrations of the radicals ^•OH and CO₃^−•. Therefore, the photochemical degradation processes that involve the two radical species would be enhanced. Another issue of potential photochemical importance is related to the winter maxima of nitrate (a photochemical ^•OH source) and the summer maxima of DOC (^•OH sink and ³CDOM* source) in the lake water under consideration. From the combination of sunlight irradiance and chemical composition data, one predicts that the processes involving ^•OH and CO₃^−• would be most important in spring, while the reactions involving ³CDOM* would be most important in summer.     

Chitosan-gelatin/hydroxyapatite-based scaffold associated with mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts improves the surface of the bone lesion in mice C57BL/6J

Extensive injuries to bone tissue are still considered a significant clinical challenge; therefore, developing new bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategies is still necessary. This work aims to construct and characterize a chitosan-gelatin/hydroxyapatite-based (CG/H) scaffold to provide well-design support for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) growth and differentiation to osteoblasts. First, the CG/H scaffolds are construct by freeze-drying. Then, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, water uptake, and degradation profiles evaluate the material's surface. In addition, the CG/H morphological, biochemical, and MSC adhesion processes and growth behavior are also assess, indicating reasonable adhesion rates to the surface, low material cytotoxicity, and excellent alkaline phosphatase activity compared to control on the cellular framework. Based on these results, we obtain a highly biocompatible scaffold and that can support osteoblast differentiation. Finally, the in vivo studies demonstrate the CG/H scaffold with MSC adhere is capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, and the application of this scaffold is able to significantly enhance the closure of the bone lesion. Therefore, the CG/H scaffold has potential clinical application for bone regeneration.     

Monitoring the sensorial quality and aroma through an electronic nose in peaches during cold storage

BACKGROUND: The poor eating quality of fresh peaches transported to far markets is one of the main problems that fresh‐fruit exporting countries have to face. This research is focused on the evaluation of the sensorial quality, with emphasis on aroma, of four peach cultivars kept in long‐term storage, through maturity parameters, sensorial attributes and electronic nose (e‐nose) assessments. Fruits were stored at 0 °C and 90% elative humidity, for 14, 28 and 42 days. Evaluations were carried out after the fruit was taken out of cold storage and after a variable period of ripening at 21 °C, until flesh firmness reached 1–2 kgf. RESULTS: On fruit recently harvested, the e‐nose was suitable for discriminating among cultivars, even if it corresponded to an early pre‐climacteric phase. As cold storage proceeded, liking degree, and specially aroma, declined for each cultivar tested. Cultivars showed different behavior patterns for liking degree and especially aroma during cold storage. Flavor showed significant correlation with sweetness (r = 0.92), juiciness (r = 0.92) and texture (r = 0.93), but not with aroma and acidity, being these last ones being independent from each other. CONCLUSION: Post‐harvest storage life of peaches is limited by loss of quality. ‘Tardibelle’ peaches showed the highest quality attribute scores after 42 days of cold storage. This evidences the availability of commercial peach cultivars which are able to withstand long‐term storage periods, allowing far markets to be reached with high quality standards. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimisation of electrochemical decolourisation process of an azo dye,Methyl Orange

The decolourisation of an azo dye, Methyl Orange, by an electrochemical technology was studied in a reaction cell with a working volume of 1 dm³, using graphite for both electrodes (anode and cathode). No decolourisation was detected in the treatment of pure solutions of Methyl Orange, but significant decolourisation was observed in the presence of NaCl, the influence of which was established. The extent of decolourisation, treatment time, and electrical consumption largely depended on the applied potential difference; the optimum value being around 5V. To achieve effective decolourisation, the NaCl concentration should be increased as the concentration of azo dye increases. Thus, almost complete decolourisation was achieved in 60 min for an effluent containing 40 kg m^?3 NaCl and 90 g m^?3 of dye. Increasing temperature (from 20 to 40°C) did not improve the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry