A Matricial Vue of Classical Syllogistic and an Extension of the Rules of Valid Syllogism to Rules of Conclusive Syllogisms with Indefinite Terms

Journal of Logic, Language and Information - One lists the distinct pairs of categorical premises (PCPs) formulable via only the positive terms, S,P,M, by constructing a six by six matrix obtained...     

Porous Perovskite Fibers – Preparation by Wet Phase Inversion Spinning and Catalytic Activity

Porous perovskite (LaMnO₃) fibers were prepared by means of wet phase inversion spinning. The influence of different spinning procedures, slurry and coagulation bath composition on fiber shape and pore morphology was studied. The catalytic activity of the prepared fibers was tested for carbon monoxide oxidation as a model reaction in a differential recycle reactor. The results revealed that by suitable choice of process conditions porous catalytically active fibers can be prepared. Catalytic measurements confirmed that the catalytic fibers exhibit an open structure that allows full utilization of the catalytically active surface without intraparticle diffusional limitations.     

Sorption and thermal properties of strongly basic cross‐linked ionic polymer modified with Cr(III) compounds

AV‐17(Cr) material was prepared by modifying a commercial polymer AV‐17 (initially bearing R4N⁺ functional groups) with Cr(III) compounds was investigated. Comparative isotherms characterizing the and ion sorption from solution with pH values of 3 and 8, respectively, at 19°C and 60°C, were obtained using the raw AV‐17(Cl) and the modified AV‐17(Cr) material. The sorption process on AV‐17(Cr) takes place through the coordination of Cr(VI) ions with Cr(III) ions, while on AV‐17(Cl) it is due to an ion exchange mechanism. The sorption isotherms obtained in pH 8 solutions fit perfectly the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic functions ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS characteristic to the adsorption of ions from K₂CrO₄ solutions with pH = 8 were calculated. The active sites belonging to the AV‐17(Cr) material were identified as jarosite type compounds of Cr(III). SEM images show that the Cr(III) compounds are present in the form of ultrafine particles located on the surface and within the bulk phase of the polymer granules. Comparative thermal degradation process of both the AV‐17(Cr) and the AV‐17(Cl) material was conducted in air and in an inert atmosphere (He). The thermal degradation mechanism of sorbent AV‐17(Cr) and exchanger AV‐17(Cl) is proposed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41306.     

The Lithiation Reactivity and Selectivity of Differentially Branched Alkyldiphenylphosphine Oxides – A Simple and Versatile Approach to ortho‐Functionalized Arylphosphine Oxides

Alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides typically undergo α‐deprotonation with alkyllithium reagents. Here, the lithiation of differentially branched alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides was investigated and a diverse, but predictable reactivity was found. γ‐Branched derivatives undergo selective directed ortho‐metalation (DoM) using butyllithium and TMEDA as an additive. With decreasing degree of γ‐branching α‐lithiation becomes predominant. The ortho‐phosphinoyllithium intermediates are subject to functionalization and C C bond forming reactions, thus providing a convenient approach to new phosphine oxides and phosphine‐borane complexes, which have a good potential for an approach to new ligands for catalysis.

     

SOAT1: A Suitable Target for Therapy in High-Grade Astrocytic Glioma?

Targeting molecular alterations as an effective treatment for isocitrate dehydrogenase-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) patients has not yet been established. Sterol-O-Acyl Transferase 1 (SOAT1), a key enzyme in the conversion of endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol to esters for storage in lipid droplets (LD), serves as a target for the orphan drug mitotane to treat adrenocortical carcinoma. Inhibition of SOAT1 also suppresses GBM growth. Here, we refined SOAT1-expression in GBM and IDH-mutant astrocytoma, CNS WHO grade 4 (HGA), and assessed the distribution of LD in these tumors. Twenty-seven GBM and three HGA specimens were evaluated by multiple GFAP, Iba1, IDH1 R132H, and SOAT1 immunofluorescence labeling as well as Oil Red O staining. To a small extent SOAT1 was expressed by tumor cells in both tumor entities. In contrast, strong expression was observed in glioma-associated macrophages. Triple immunofluorescence labeling revealed, for the first time, evidence for SOAT1 colocalization with Iba1 and IDH1 R132H, respectively. Furthermore, a notable difference in the amount of LD between GBM and HGA was observed. Therefore, SOAT1 suppression might be a therapeutic option to target GBM and HGA growth and invasiveness. In addition, the high expression in cells related to neuroinflammation could be beneficial for a concomitant suppression of protumoral microglia/macrophages.     

Cellular and Molecular Targets for Non-Invasive,Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic/Rehabilitative Interventions in Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND: Cerebral circulation delivers the blood flow to the brain through a dedicated network of sanguine vessels. A healthy human brain can regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) according to any physiological or pathological challenges. The brain is protected by its self-regulatory mechanisms, which are dependent on neuronal and support cellular populations, including endothelial ones, as well as metabolic, and even myogenic factors. OBJECTIVES: Accumulating data suggest that “non-pharmacological” approaches might provide new opportunities for stroke therapy, such as electro-/acupuncture, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, hypothermia/cooling, photobiomodulation, therapeutic gases, transcranial direct current stimulations, or transcranial magnetic stimulations. We reviewed the recent data on the mechanisms and clinical implications of these non-pharmaceutical treatments. METHODS: To present the state-of-the-art for currently available non-invasive, non-pharmacological-related interventions in acute ischemic stroke, we accomplished this synthetic and systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Principles Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS: The initial number of obtained articles was 313. After fulfilling the five steps in the filtering/selection methodology, 54 fully eligible papers were selected for synthetic review. We enhanced our documentation with other bibliographic resources connected to our subject, identified in the literature within a non-standardized search, to fill the knowledge gaps. Fifteen clinical trials were also identified. DISCUSSION: Non-invasive, non-pharmacological therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions for acute ischemic stroke are mainly holistic therapies. Therefore, most of them are not yet routinely used in clinical practice, despite some possible beneficial effects, which have yet to be supplementarily proven in more related studies. Moreover, few of the identified clinical trials are already completed and most do not have final results. CONCLUSIONS: This review synthesizes the current findings on acute ischemic stroke therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions, described as non-invasive and non-pharmacological.     

Synthesis and SAR of Tetracyclic Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK2 Derived from Furocarbazole W16

The serine/threonine kinase CK2 modulates the activity of more than 300 proteins and thus plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes including neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system and cancer. The enzymatic activity of CK2 is controlled by the equilibrium between the heterotetrameric holoenzyme CK2α₂β₂ and its monomeric subunits CK2α and CK2β. A series of analogues of W16 ((3aR,4S,10S,10aS)-4-{[(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}-10-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5,10,10a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-b]carbazole-1,3(3aH)-dione ((+)- 3 a )) was prepared in an one-pot, three-component Levy reaction. The stereochemistry of the tetracyclic compounds was analyzed. Additionally, the chemically labile anhydride structure of the furocarbazoles 3 was replaced by a more stable imide ( 9 ) and N-methylimide ( 10 ) substructure. The enantiomer (−)- 3 a (K_i=4.9 μM) of the lead compound (+)- 3 a (K_i=31 μM) showed a more than sixfold increased inhibition of the CK2α/CK2β interaction (protein-protein interaction inhibition, PPII) in a microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay. However, (−)- 3 a did not show an increased enzyme inhibition of the CK2α₂β₂ holoenzyme, the CK2α subunit or the mutated CK2α′ ^C336S subunit in the capillary electrophoresis assay. In the pyrrolocarbazole series, the imide (−)- 9 a (K_i=3.6 μM) and the N-methylimide (+)- 10 a (K_i=2.8 μM) represent the most promising inhibitors of the CK2α/CK2β interaction. However, neither compound could inhibit enzymatic activity. Unexpectedly, the racemic tetracyclic pyrrolocarbazole (±)- 12 , with a carboxy moiety in the 4-position, displays the highest CK2α/CK2β interaction inhibition (K_i=1.8 μM) of this series of compounds.