Barrier-Test

This paper will explain a test configuration for the diagnostic of the shock wave attenuation of homogeneous and sandwiched inert materials, which measures the delay time between the detonation of a donor and an acceptor charge, as well as the detonation profile in the acceptor charge. Applying the double-flash-gap technique, the analyzed pressure levels render possible conclusions about the existence of divergent or convergent detonation waves.     

Chromatographische Untersuchungen zur Polydispersität von Hydroxyethylstärke

Chromatographic Studies on the Polydispersity of Hydroxyethyl Starch. A representative sample of clinically used hydroxyethyl starch was separated by semipreparative HPSEC into narrow fractions in the range of approx. 3.000 to 800.000 D. The original sample and selected fractions were characterised by gaschromatographic methylation analysis according to their substitution degrees MS and DS, which were differentiated by the substitution positions at C2, C3 and C6 of the anhydroglucoses and their kind of glycosidic bonding α-1, α-1,4 or α-1,4,6, respectively. Furthermore, polydispersity in relations to the degree of branching was determined. Mark-Houwink and molecular weight distribution parameters determined by multi-detection HPSEC are reported. The presented data demonstrate a extensive homogeneity of the original sample. The clinical relevance is discussed.     

Fragment Mass Distribution of “Secondary Fragments”

An analysis of the secondary fragments emerging from a target plate has shown that their mass distribution fits excellently to a formula established earlier by the author. This applies equally well to the secondary fragments of an explosive-formed fragment from a multi-P warhead, to those from the warhead's structural casing. and even to the fragments from the target plate itself, as well as to the sum of all of these 3 types of fragements. The correlation coefficient for the two constant parameters governing this formula (namely, the scaling factor B and the form factor λ) is always better than 0.99, when an optimum total mass M_o is southt and inserted, and when the first, large fragements are not included in the consideration, which means when one or two measured points are negiected. For secondary fragements, the form factor λ in the mass distribution is close to 1/2 = 0.5, whereas for the natural fragments of HE projectiles it is in the order of 2/3. namely, from 0.6 to 0.8.     

Corner-Turning Distance and Retonation Radius

All high explosives, at least the ones used in military applications, have a specific minimum detonation radius, R_min with which the detonation can change its direction through 90° or 180°. It is to be emphasized that this applies not only to thc so-called insensitive high explosives, but the sensitive explosives of course have smaller radii than the insensitive ones. The corner-turning distance, As, determined in the radial test, also corresponds to the minimum radius, R_min for the detonation wave to invert its direction through 180°. The radial test is a simple method, with regard to both design and analysis, that is suitable for determining the 90°-distance, or the minimum detonation radius, R_min.     

Testing the Precision Initiation Couplers

It is possible to properly test a Precision Initiation Coupler (PIC) for its detonation profile and the rotational symmetry of its detonation wave using the Multi-Streak and/or Flash-Gap-Technique both with central linear streak line and circle streak which is comprised of dots for better evaluation.     

The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8

Wax esters (WE) belong to the class of neutral lipids. They are formed by an esterification of a fatty alcohol and an activated fatty acid. Dependent on the chain length and desaturation degree of the fatty acid and the fatty alcohol moiety, WE can have diverse physicochemical properties. WE derived from monounsaturated long-chain acyl moieties are of industrial interest due to their very good lubrication properties. Whereas WE were obtained in the past from spermaceti organs of the sperm whale, industrial WE are nowadays mostly produced chemically from fossil fuels. In order to produce WE more sustainably, attempts to produce industrial WE in transgenic plants are steadily increasing. To achieve this, different combinations of WE producing enzymes are expressed in developing Arabidopsis thaliana or Camelina sativa seeds. Here we report the identification and characterization of a fifth wax synthase from the organism Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, MaWSD5. It belongs to the class of bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (WSD). The protein was purified to homogeneity. In vivo and in vitro substrate analyses revealed that MaWSD5 is able to synthesize WE but no triacylglycerols. The protein produces WE from saturated and monounsaturated mid- and long-chain substrates. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds expressing a fatty acid reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 and MaWSD5 produce WE. Main WE synthesized are 20:1/18:1 and 20:1/20:1. This makes MaWSD5 a suitable candidate for industrial WE production in planta.     

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of various botanical parts of the fruits of Prunus × domestica L. from the Lorraine region of Europe

Mirabelle plums represent a famous fruit from the Lorraine region, however little is known about their phytochemical composition. The oil of the fruit contained predominantly oleic acid (59%) and linoleic acid (29%). The total content of phenolic antioxidants in the whole fruits was 5.338 g/kg with 456 mg/kg (9%), 701 mg/kg (13%) and 4159 mg/kg (78%) detected in the peels, flesh and pits respectively. The peels contained solely 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (270 mg/kg) and rutin (186 mg/kg), the flesh exclusively echinoids (723 mg/kg), whereas the pits contained a rich variety of phenolic compounds (4.2 g/kg) dominated by amygdalin (3.8 g/kg), but with significant contributions from vanillin (102 mg/kg), guajacyl-glycerin-coniferyl aldehyde isomers (87 mg/kg), dehydro-diconiferyl aldehyde (52 mg/kg), and vanillin diglucoside (48 mg/kg). Of the major phenolic compounds tested across a range of in vitro assays, rutin was the superior antioxidant.     

Konduktometrische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Wechselwirkung von Lewis-Säuren mit Halogenkomplexen

Conductometric and Spectroscopic Investigations of the Interaction of Lewis Acids with Halide Complexes The interaction of counter ions with Lewis acids has been investigated using mode systems of the type (C₆H₅)₃C^⊕ MX_n+1^⊖ (M = Sb, As, B, Fe; X = Cl, F) by means of conductometrical and UV-spectroscopic methods. The changes of conductivity were strongly dependent on the nature and concentration of the Lewis acid. The results point to 1:1-complexes between Lewis acids and counter ions. The behaviour was found to be complicated by dissoziation resp. assoziation processes. Ligand exchange reactions between Lewis acid and counter ion have also been found.     

Discussion of the Experimental Findings from the initiation of covered,but unconfined high explosive charges with shaped charge jets

The results of experiments on the initiation of covered, but unconfined high explosive charges with shaped charge jets from Chick and Hatt, which have been diagnosed by the flash X-ray technique, as well as the author's own experiments in which the build-up distances and the run-up times have been recorded by means of a rotating-mirror camera in the framing and streak modes, are analyzed and explained in detail in this paper. Build-up distances and run-up times versus the residual jet velocity, or versus the dynamic pressure, are in fairly good agreement, despite the somewhat different shaped charges and acceptor charges that have been used in the two approaches. The greater initiability of an acceptor charge behind a barrier, but with an air gap between, is attributed less to a precursor shock that desensitizes the high explosive charge which is in contact with a barrier, but rather to the higher velocity of the free shaped charge jet and, particularly, to the area loading on a high explosive charge with an air gap in front.