Oxidation of Acceptor‐substituted Isothiazolium‐2‐imines to Stable Cyclic Sulfin‐ and Sulfonamides with 3‐Hydroperoxy Function

The oxidation of isothiazolium 2‐imines 3,5 and their salts 4 to stable 3‐hydroperoxy‐2,3,4,5,6,7‐hexahydro‐1,2‐benzisothiazole 1‐oxides 7 and 1,1‐dioxides 8 and 9 as a new class of cyclic sultims and sultams is described. The formation of 3‐hydroxysultams 10 and isothiazol‐3(2H)one 1,1‐dioxides 11 is presented.     

A study on electrical and thermal conductivities of ethylene–octene copolymer/expandable graphite composites

A series of ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC) composites have been prepared by melt‐mixing with different weight ratios of expandable graphite filler (0–50% by weight). Electrical conductivity [both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)] and thermal conductivity studies were carried out. Effect of filler loading and frequency on electrical conductivity was studied. DC conductivity has increased from 1.51 × 10^?13 S cm^?1 to 1.17 × 10^?1 S cm^?1. Percolation threshold by DC and also AC methods was observed at about 16 vol% of the filler. Real part of permittivity was found to be decreasing with increase in frequency while conductivity was increasing. Thermal conductivity was also found to be increasing gradually from 0.196 to 0.676 Wm^?1 K^?1 which is about 245% increase. Graphite not only increases the electrical and thermal conductivities but at and above 40 wt%, also acts as a halogen‐free, environmental friendly flame retardant. Shore‐A hardness of EOC/graphite composites shows that even with high graphite loading, the hardness is increased from about 50–68 only so that the rubbery nature of the composite is not affected very much. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Above-ground carbon storage by urban trees in Leipzig, Germany: Analysis of patterns in a European city

Many aspects of global change, including carbon dioxide emissions, have been attributed to urban areas. On the other hand, cities have been found to provide valuable ecosystem services such as carbon storage. The aim of this study is to estimate the above-ground carbon storage in trees in the central European city of Leipzig and produce spatially explicit carbon storage maps. We used stratified random sampling across 19 land cover classes using 190 sample plots to measure carbon storage. In addition, we derived canopy cover from color-infrared orthophotos using an object-oriented approach and Random Forest machine learning. Finally, we apply an error assessment method that includes sampling error, but also uncertainty stemming from allometric equations, and that so far has only been applied to rural forests. The total above ground carbon stock of Leipzig was estimated using both land cover and canopy cover, which was more laborious than just using land cover but reduced the standard error. Canopy cover was approximately 19% of the city area. Leipzig's above-ground carbon storage was estimated to be 316,000 Mg C at 11 Mg C ha⁻¹. The distribution of carbon storage across the city showed the highest values at intermediate urbanization levels. Carbon storage in the city of Leipzig was in the lower range compared to cities in Europe, Asia and the USA, and our results indicate that great care should be taken when transferring values between cities. We provide spatially explicit and detailed maps of above-ground storage that can contribute to ecosystem services assessments.     

50-nm local anodic oxidation technology of semiconductor heterostructures

A novel approach to local anodic oxidation technique, which leads to approximately equal 50 nm wide line patterns, is described. The technique is utilized to prepare quantum point contact on a low-mobility semiconductor heterostructure. Transport measurements show quantized conductance in zero magnetic field at 4.2 K thanks to very short one-dimensional constriction. The technique is also used for the definition of low-to-room temperature sub-micrometer Hall probes to show its applicability for the room temperature applications. The magnetic-field resolution and the sensitivity of the probes are evaluated in dependence of the probe dimensions, bias current, and temperature. The 200-nm probe shows magnetic-field resolution of 47 microT/(Hz)(1/2) at 140 Hz and at 4.2 K, when it is driven by 5 microA bias current. The novel approach is promising for the development of the future nano-devices operated both at low and room temperatures. To our knowledge, local anodic oxidation technique applied directly to shallow semiconductor heterostructure has been successfully used for the room temperature application for the first time.     

Learning mode and exemplar sequencing in unsupervised category learning.

Exemplar sequencing effects in incidental and intentional unsupervised category learning were investigated to illuminate how people form categories without an external teacher. Stimuli were perfectly separable into 2 categories based on 1 of 2 dimensions of variation. Sequencing of the first 20 training stimuli was manipulated. In the blocked condition, 10 Category A stimuli were followed by 10 Category B stimuli. In the intermixed condition, these 20 stimuli were ordered randomly. Experiment 1 revealed an interaction between learning mode and sequence, with better intentional learning for intermixed sequences but better incidental learning for blocked sequences. Experiment 2 showed that manipulating trial-to-trial variability along each dimension can impact intentional learning. Training sequences that emphasized variation along the category-relevant dimension resulted in better performance than sequences that emphasized variation along the category-irrelevant dimension. The results suggest that unsupervised category learning is influenced by the mode of learning and the order and nature of encountered exemplars. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Oxidative Cleavage of Long Chain Olefins to Carboxylic Acids with Hydrogen Peroxide

The role of phase-transfer catalysts (PTC) (ammonium and phosphonium salts) with various anions on the biphasic oxidative cleavage of long chain olefins with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Na₂WO₄/H₃PO₄/PTC system has been investigated. It was shown that the nature of PTC widely affects the catalytic activity of the above system in the conversion of alkenes, cycloalkenes and unsaturated fatty acids into carboxylic acids.     

Oxidative Cleavage of Long Chain Olefins to Carboxylic Acids with Hydrogen Peroxide

The role of phase-transfer catalysts (PTC) (ammonium and phosphonium salts) with various anions on the biphasic oxidative cleavage of long chain olefins with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Na₂WO₄/H₃PO₄/PTC system has been investigated. It was shown that the nature of PTC widely affects the catalytic activity of the above system in the conversion of alkenes, cycloalkenes and unsaturated fatty acids into carboxylic acids.

     

Linguistic intergroup bias: Differential expectancies or in-group protection?

The linguistic intergroup bias describes the tendency to communicate positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative in-group and positive out-group behaviors. This article investigated whether this bias is driven by differential expectancies or by in-group protective motives. In Exp 1, northern and southern Italian participants (N?=?151) described positive and negative behaviors of northern or southern protagonists that were either congruent or incongruent with stereotypic expectancies. Regardless of valence, expectancy-congruent behaviors were described more abstractly than incongruent ones. Exp 2 (N?=?40) showed that language is used in an equally biased fashion for individuals as previously demonstrated for groups. Exp 3 (N?=?192) induced expectancies experimentally and found greater abstraction for expectancy-congruent behaviors regardless of valence. All experiments confirmed the differential expectancy approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SMART RHESINs—Superparamagnetic Magnetite Architecture Made of Phenolic Resin Hollow Spheres Coated with Eu(III) Containing Silica Nanoparticles for Future Quantitative Magnetic Particle Imaging Applications

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a powerful and rapidly growing tomographic imaging technique that allows for the non-invasive visualization of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) in living matter. Despite its potential for a wide range of applications, the intrinsic quantitative nature of MPI has not been fully exploited in biological environments. In this study, a novel NP architecture that overcomes this limitation by maintaining a virtually unchanged effective relaxation (Brownian plus Néel) even when immobilized is presented. This superparamagnetic magnetite architecture made of phenolic resin hollow spheres coated with Eu(III) containing silica nanoparticles (SMART RHESINs) was synthesized and studied. Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) measurements confirm their suitability for potential MPI applications. Photobleaching studies show an unexpected photodynamic due to the fluorescence emission peak of the europium ion in combination with the phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR). Cell metabolic activity and proliferation behavior are not affected. Colocalization experiments reveal the distinct accumulation of SMART RHESINs near the Golgi apparatus. Overall, SMART RHESINs show superparamagnetic behavior and special luminescent properties without acute cytotoxicity, making them suitable for bimodal imaging probes for medical use like cancer diagnosis and treatment. SMART RHESINs have the potential to enable quantitative MPS and MPI measurements both in mobile and immobilized environments.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of social network data intended for brand management

Wireless Networks - The purpose of the paper is to point out the importance of analysing data obtained from social media through the qualitative data analysis software. The main goal of conducted...