Identification of Pseudozyma graminicola CBS 10092 as a producer of glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids

A basidiomycetous yeast, Pseudozyma graminicola CBS 10092, was found to accumulate a large amount of glycolipids in the cultured medium when grown on soybean oil as the sole carbon source. Based on thin layer chromatography, the extracellular glycolipids gave spots corresponding to those of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which are highly functional and promising biosurfactants. From the structural characterization by 1H and 13C NMR, the main product was identified as 4-O-[(4'-mono-O-acetyl-2', 3'-di-O-alka(e)noyl)-beta-D-mannopyranosyl]-D-erythritol, which is a highly hydrophilic derivative of MELs known as MEL-C. According to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the main product, MEL-C, comprised approximately 85% of all the MELs, and the total amount reached approximately 10 g/L for 7 days. The fatty acids of the present MEL-C consisted of mainly C6, C8 and C14 acids, considerably different from those of MEL-C produced by other Pseudozyma strains such as P. antarctica and P. shanxiensis. The observed critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface-tension at CMC of the MEL-C were 4.0 x 10(-6) M and 24.2 mN/m, respectively, while those of MEL-A, the most intensively studied MEL, were 2.7 x 10(-6) M and 28.4 mN/m, respectively. This implied that the MEL-C has higher hydrophilicity than conventional MELs hitherto reported. In addition, on a water-penetration scan, the MEL-C efficiently formed the lamella phase (Lalpha) at a wide range of concentrations, indicating its excellent self-assembling properties. From these results, the newly identified MELs produced by P. graminicola are likely to have great potential for use in oil-in-water type emulsifiers and/or washing detergents, and would thus facilitate a broad range of applications for the promising yeast biosurfactants.     

Controllable electrode activities of nano-carbon films while maintaining surface flatness by electrochemical pretreatment

A carbon film consisting nanocrystallites with mixed sp² and sp³ bonds formed by using the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) sputtering method was studied with respect to the changes in characteristics caused by electrochemical pretreatment (ECP). Unlike glassy carbon, our sputtered nanocrystalline carbon film deposited at an acceleration voltage of 75 V (ECR-75 nano-carbon film) largely retained its surface flatness after the ECP. This robust surface could be caused by an increase of 42% in the sp³ carbon realized by increasing the acceleration voltage during sputtering. The electrode activity of ECR-75 nano-carbon film was improved for surface sensitive species including Fe^3+/2+ unlike the boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. This is because a sufficient quantity of surface sp² bonds remained and because the introduction of surface oxygen-containing groups is more efficient than with the BDD electrode. With pretreated ECR-75 nano-carbon film, the peak potential of glutathione was reduced solely due to the increase in the surface hydrophilicity with a sufficient quantity of surface sp² bonds, thus achieving the lowest detection limit (0.4 μM) ever obtained with carbon electrodes. We also achieved the stable measurement of 30 μM of serotonin (20 times) without the electrode surface fouling found with other electrodes.     

基于α-PVA/s-PVA/NaCl共混体系的薄膜制备和表征

以两种等规度不同的聚乙烯醇（PVA）为原料,水作溶剂,加入不同含量的氯化钠（NaCl）,在室温干燥、水洗、再干燥后制成无规聚乙烯醇（a-PVA）／间规聚乙烯醇（s-PvA）共混薄膜。采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、傅立叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、力学性能测试以及热失重分析（TG）等方法对薄膜进行表征。结果显示,随NaG和s-PVA的含量变化,共混膜的吸收峰和熔点规律变化,并在3％（w）NaC1时获得最佳拉伸强度和弹性模量,分别为47．54MPa与1．95GPa。共混膜的热性能随着s-PVA含量增加而提高,s-PVA所占比例从0提高到40％时,相应地薄膜的熔点从231.4℃增至239.8℃。     

Metal Phosphates as a New Class of Supports for Gold Nanocatalysts

Oxides and carbon are commonly used as supports for gold nanoparticles, but metal salts are barely considered as suitable supports. Our group recently communicated that gold nanoparticles supported on nanosized LaPO₄ (6–8 nm) are active for CO oxidation (Yan et al., Angew Chem Int Ed 45:3614, 2006). In the current work, we systematically developed an array of Au/M–P–O catalysts and tested them for catalytic activity and stability. It was found that 200 °C-pretreated Au/M–P–O (M = Ca, Fe, Co, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er) show high CO conversions below 50 °C, and 500 °C-pretreated Au/M–P–O (M = Ca, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er) show high CO conversions below 100 °C. These samples were characterized by ICP-OES, BET, XRD, TEM, SEM, and H₂-TPR. The stability of selected catalysts was studied as a function of time on stream. This work furnishes a new catalyst system for further fundamental and applied research.     

A model for biomass screw feeding

Successful feeding is critical to biomass utilization processes, but trouble-free delivery is difficult due to particle heterogeneity, physical characteristics and moisture content. A model, extended from previous models in the literature, is proposed to delineate what limits screw feeding in terms of the mechanisms of blockage and to predict torque requirements for biomass materials. Predictions on feeding of wood pellets, sawdust, hog fuel and wood shavings in a screw feeder/lock hopper system are in good agreement with our earlier experimental findings. The choke section and seal plug are shown to play important roles in determining the torque requirements for biomass screw feeding, although they are rarely mentioned in previous research on screw feeding of other materials.     

关于《高分子化学》课程教学的几点思考

高分子化学是高分子材料专业的专业基础课。文章从几个方面对高分子化学课程教学进行初步探索,包括选择教学重点、兴趣点,合理有效利用多媒体与双语教学方式、开展师生互动教学,完善配套的实验与生产实践等,在教学的同时努力提高学生的专业素质。     

超临界CO2萃取烟草中烟碱

为研究超临界CO2萃取烟草中烟碱的工艺条件,利用实验室超临界萃取装置对烟草中烟碱进行了提取,考察了萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂乙醇的浓度、萃取时间等因素对烟碱提取率的影响,并就各个工艺参数对萃取率的影响机理和原因进行了分析与讨论。结果表明:在本研究范围内,最佳萃取工艺条件为:萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度50℃,夹带剂乙醇浓度75%～80%,夹带剂流量为0.5 mL.min-1时,萃取时间为2～2.5 h。     

高半纤维素浆粕制备Lyocell纤维的研究

采用半纤维素质量分数21%的高半纤维素浆粕在N-甲基吗琳-N-氧化物(NMMO)水溶液中制备Lyocell纤维,并与半纤维素质量分数为10%的高α-纤维素浆粕的可纺性进行了对比。结果表明:高半纤维素浆粕在溶剂NMMO·H_2O中更易溶解,其过滤性能和可纺性能好,可在较高浆粕浓度下纺丝,制备成Lyo- cell纤维的产率高,且能提高Lyocell纤维的力学性能。高半纤维素浆液的稳定性能略低,在溶剂回收中需要消耗较多的双氧水进行氧化回收溶剂NMMO。     

控制气相PE流化床高度对装置运行周期的影响

分析了聚合过程中控制流化床床高对聚合物粒径,催化剂聚合产率和装置运行周期的影响.增加流化床床高,有利于聚合物粉料对反应器上部扩大段的冲刷,有效减少了粉料堵塞循环回路和反应器结块的发生几率,提高了聚合反应器运行周期.     

bPE-g-MAH对PC/bPE共混物力学性能与断面形态结构的影响

利用熔融接枝法制备了双峰聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐(bPE-g-MAH),将其用作聚碳酸酯/双峰聚乙烯(PC/bPE)共混物的增容剂。通过力学性能测试和扫描电镜分析,研究了bPE-g-MAH对共混物相容性和力学性能的影响。结果表明:bPE-g-MAH的加入使得PC和bPE两相的界面黏合作用增强,使PC/bPE共混物的冲击强度显著提高。