In the market-place of the 21st century, there is no place for traditional over-the-wall communications between design and manufacturing. In order to design it right the very first time, designers must ensure that their products are both functional and easy to manufacture. Software tools have had some successes in reducing the barriers between design and manufacturing. Manufacturability analysis systems are emerging as one such tool — enabling identification of potential manufacturing problems during the design phase and providing suggestions to designers on how to eliminate them.In this paper, we provide a survey of current state-of-the-art automated manufacturability analysis. We present the historical context in which this area has emerged and outline characteristics to compare and classify various systems. We describe the two dominant approaches to automated manufacturability analysis and overview representative systems based on their application domain. We describe support tools that enhance the effectiveness of manufacturability analysis systems. Finally, we attempt to expose some of the existing research challenges and future directions. 相似文献
The interrogation of metabolic parameters like pH in live-cell experiments using optical super-resolution microscopy (SRM) remains challenging. This is due to a paucity of appropriate metabolic probes enabling live-cell SRM-based sensing. Here, ultrasmall fluorescent core–shell aluminosilicate nanoparticle sensors (FAM–ATTO647N aC′ dots) that covalently encapsulate a reference dye (ATTO647N) in the core and a pH-sensing moiety (FAM) in the shell are introduced. Only the reference dye exhibits optical blinking enabling live-cell stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Using data from cells incubated for 60 min with FAM–ATTO647N aC′ dots, pixelated information from total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based ratiometric sensing can be combined with that from STORM-based localizations via the blinking reference dye in order to enhance the resolution of ratiometric pH sensor maps beyond the optical diffraction limit. A nearest-neighbor interpolation methodology is developed to quantitatively address particle compositional heterogeneity as determined by separate single-particle fluorescence imaging methods. When combined with STORM-based estimates of the number of particles per vesicle, vesicle size, and vesicular motion as a whole, this analysis provides detailed live-cell spatial and functional information, paving the way to a comprehensive mapping and understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of nanoparticle processing by cells important, e.g., for applications in nanomedicine. 相似文献
Designing biomimetic scaffolds with in vivo–like microenvironments using biomaterials is an essential component of successful tissue engineering approaches. The intestinal smooth muscle layers exhibit a complex tubular structure consisting of two concentric muscle layers in which the inner circular layer is orthogonally oriented to the outer longitudinal layer. Here, a 3D bi‐layered tubular scaffold is presented based on flexible, mechanically robust, and well aligned silk protein microfibers to mimic the native human intestinal smooth muscle structure. The scaffolds are seeded with primary human intestinal smooth muscle cells to replicate intestinal muscle tissues in vitro. Characterization of the tissue constructs reveals good biocompatibility and support for cell alignment and elongation in the different scaffold layers to enhance cell differentiation and functions. Furthermore, the engineered smooth muscle constructs support oriented neurite outgrowth, a requisite step to achieve functional innervation. These results suggest these microfiber scaffolds as functional templates for in vitro regeneration of human intestinal smooth muscle systems. The scaffolding provides a crucial step toward engineering functional human intestinal tissue in vitro, as well as engineering other types of smooth muscles in terms of their similar phenotypes. Such utility may lead to a better understanding of smooth muscle associated diseases and treatments. 相似文献
We demonstrate refinement-based formal development of the hybrid, ‘fixed virtual block’ approach to train movement control for the emerging European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) level 3. Our approach uses iUML-B diagrams as a front end to the Event-B modelling language. We use abstraction to verify the principle of movement authority before gradually developing the details of the Virtual Block Detector component in subsequent refinements, thus verifying that it preserves the safety properties. We animate the refined models to demonstrate their validity using the scenarios from the Hybrid ERTMS Level 3 (HLIII) specification. We reflect on our team-based approach to finding useful modelling abstractions and demonstrate a systematic modelling method based on the state and class diagrams of iUML-B. The component and control flow architectures of the application, its environment and interacting systems emerge through the layered refinement process. The runtime semantics of the specification’s state-machine behaviour are modelled in the final refinements. We discuss how the model could be used to generate an implementation using code generation tools and techniques.
Bimetallic Pd–Sn catalysts were synthesized by incipient-wetness impregnation of the metals on alumina and employed for the
reduction of nitrates from aqueous solutions. The catalysts were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, X-ray
diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and H2 chemisorption. The influence of the metal ratio was evaluated in reaction measurements. The bimetallic Pd–Sn catalysts exhibited
high selectivity for nitrate removal forming less NO2− and NH4+ than the Pd–Cu catalysts. 相似文献
The rate constant for solid-state reactions for PbTiO3 formation was increased by a factor of three by increasing the packing pressures. Similarly, rate constants for PbZrO3 formation were shown to increase with decreasing ZrO2 particle and crystallite sizes. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analyses were utilized to determine the extent of the reactions. 相似文献