Toughening of nanoporous glasses using porogen residuals

Nanoporous glasses are inherently brittle materials that become increasingly fragile with increasing porosity. We show that remarkable increases in fracture energy can be obtained from remnants of the porogen molecules used to create the nanoscale pores. The interfacial fracture energy of approximately 2.6 J m(-2) for dense methylsilsesquioxane glass films is shown to increase by over one order of magnitude to >30 J m(-2) for glasses containing 50 vol.% porosity. The increased fracture resistance is related to a powerful molecular-bridging mechanism that was modelled using bridging mechanics. The study demonstrates that significant increases in interfacial fracture energy may be obtained using strategies involving controlled decomposition of the porogen molecule during processing of nanoporous glasses. The implications are important for a range of emerging optical, electronic and biological technologies that use nanoporous thin films, but are limited by the degradation of mechanical properties with increasing porosity.     

Directional guidance from audible pedestrian signals for street crossing

Typical audible pedestrian signals indicate when the pedestrian walk interval is in effect but provide little, or even misleading information for directional alignment. In three experiments, blind and blindfolded sighted adults crossed a simulated crossing with recorded traffic noise to approximate street sounds. This was done to investigate how characteristics of signal presentation affected usefulness of the auditory signal for guiding crossing behaviour. Crossing was more accurate when signals came only from the far end of the crossing rather than the typical practice of presenting signals simultaneously from both ends. Alternating the signal between ends of the crossing was not helpful. Also, the customary practice of signalling two parallel crossings at the same time drew participants somewhat toward the opposite crossing. Providing a locator tone at the end of the crossing during the pedestrian clearance interval improved crossing accuracy. These findings provide a basis for designing audible pedestrian signals to enhance directional guidance. The principal findings were the same for blind and sighted participants and applied across a range of specific signals (e.g. chirps, clicks, voices).     

Effect of load position on physiological and perceptual responses during load carriage with an internal frame backpack

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of load position in an internal frame backpack on physiological and perceptual variables. Ten female participants walked on a level treadmill for 10 min carrying 25% of their body weight in a high, central, or low position. The variables measured included oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (R), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (VE), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). VO2, VE, and RPE were significantly lower in the high position (18.6 +/- 2.3 ml/kg/min, 31.7 +/- 5.0 l/min, 2.8 +/- 0.8, respectively) compared to the low position (22.2 +/- 3.0 ml/kg/min, 38.6 +/- 7.5 l/min, 3.7 +/- 1.0, respectively). HR, R, and RR did not change significantly as the load was moved from the high (129.8 +/- 16.8, 0.89 +/- 0.06, 30.3 +/- 4.2, respectively) to the low position (136.0 +/- 25.3, 0.92 +/- 0.04, 33.8 +/- 5.2, respectively). The results of this study suggest that load placement is an important factor in the physiological and perceptual responses to load carriage, and that packing heavy items high in the backpack may be the most energy efficient method of carrying a load on the back.     

A graphical tool for parasite genome annotation

A graphical tool to facilitate rapid primary annotation of genomic sequence has been developed. Within a single interface the user can import sequences or database entries, run feature prediction programs and similarity searches, filter results, add additional manually found features and notes, and finally export annotations for database submission. Integrated rule-based feature corroboration and a novel decision support heuristic using ORF orientation, length and base-composition further enhances the efficiency of the annotation process without compromising flexibility. The program has been explicitly tailored to use in protozoan parasite genome projects, but can constitute a useful tool for prokaryote annotation as well. It is successfully being used by our lab in the Trypanosoma cruzi genome project, and can be obtained from the authors upon request.     

A new approach to the extraction of ANN rules and to their generalization capacity through GP

Various techniques for the extraction of ANN rules have been used, but most of them have focused on certain types of networks and their training. There are very few methods that deal with ANN rule extraction as systems that are independent of their architecture, training, and internal distribution of weights, connections, and activation functions. This article proposes a methodology for the extraction of ANN rules, regardless of their architecture, and based on genetic programming. The strategy is based on the previous algorithm and aims at achieving the generalization capacity that is characteristic of ANNs by means of symbolic rules that are understandable to human beings.     

Dissipation of fragrance materials in sludge-amended soils

A possible removal mechanism for fragrance materials (FMs) in wastewater is adsorption to sludge, and sludge application to land may be a route through which FMs are released to the soil environment. However, little is known about the concentrations and fate of FMs in soil receiving sludge application. This study was conducted to better understand the dissipation of FMs in sludge-amended soils. We first determined the spiking and extraction efficiencies for 22 FMs in soil and leachate samples. Nine FMs were detected in digested sludges from two wastewater treatment plants in Delaware using these methods. We conducted a 1-year die-away experiment which involved four different soils amended with sludge, with and without spiking of the 22 FMs. The initial dissipation of FMs in all spiked trays was rapid, and only seven FMs remained at concentrations above the quantification limits after 3 months: AHTN, HHCB, musk ketone, musk xylene, acetyl cedrene, OTNE, and DPMI. After 1 year, the only FMs remaining in all spiked trays were musk ketone and AHTN. DPMI was the only FM that leached significantly from the spiked trays, and no FMs were detected in leachate from any unspiked tray. While soil organic matter content affected the dissipation rate in general, different mechanisms (volatilization, transformation, leaching) appeared to be important for different FMs.     

Changes of physicochemical indicators during mastitis and the effects of milk ejection on their sensitivity

We examined the relationship between physicochemical indicators and somatic cells in the milk of dairy cows during experimentally induced mastitis and their significance as indicators for use in controlling udder health. We were concerned particularly with the effect of alveolar milk ejection on the sensitivity of these indicators. In Expt 1, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (Esch. coli LPS) was injected into the left rear quarter to induce an inflammatory reaction in one quarter in each of six cows. The contralateral control quarter was injected with a solution of NaCl (9 g/l). Nine milk samples were taken from both quarters until 60 h after injection. In Expt 2, repeated milk samples were taken every 20 s from one quarter during a 120-s teat stimulation in 20 cows with different somatic cell counts (SCC). Quarters were clustered for low (<5.0 log cells/ml), mid (5.0-5.7 log cells/ml) and high (>5.7 log cells/ml) SCC of the sample taken at t=0 s. Samples were analysed for SCC, electrical conductivity (EC) and Na+ and Cl- concentrations. During the experimental inflammation SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl- peaked at 12 h from LPS administration and values in treated quarters (T) at this time were elevated to 7900, 157, 501 and 169% of the values in untreated quarters, respectively. In Expt 2, SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl- in high SCC quarters were 2520, 121, 283 and 141% of low SCC quarters at the start of stimulation (t=0 s), respectively. Highly significant (P<0.001) differences in EC, Na+ and Cl- between high and low SCC quarters disappeared owing to the onset of alveolar milk ejection 100 s after the first contact with the teat. In conclusion, SCC in cows' milk provided the strongest amplitude in the case of an intramammary inflammation. EC, Na+ or Cl- were useful tools only if the measurements were performed in cisternal milk before the start of alveolar milk ejection.     

Chronic measurement of the stimulation selectivity of the flat interface nerve electrode

The flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) is an attempt to improve the stimulation selectivity of extraneural electrodes. By reshaping peripheral nerves into elliptical cylinders, central fibers are moved closer to the nerve-electrode interface, and additional surface area is created for contact placement. The goals of this study were to test the hypothesis that greater nerve reshaping leads to improved selectivity and to examine the chronic recruitment properties of the FINE. Three FINEs were developed to reshape peripheral nerves to different degrees. Four electrodes of each type were implanted on the sciatic nerves of 12 cats and tested for selectivity over at least three months. There was physiologic evidence of nerve injury in two cats with the tightest cuffs, but the other animals behaved normally. All cuff types were capable of selectively activating branches of the sciatic nerve, as well as groups of fibers within branches. The electrodes that moderately reshaped the nerves demonstrated the most selectivity. Both the selectivity measurements and the recruitment curve characteristics were stable throughout the implant period. From an electrophysiological standpoint, the FINE is a viable alternative for neuroprosthetic devices. A histological analysis of the nerves is under way to evaluate the safety of the FINE.     

Diffusion boundary layer of a rotating disk electrode as a thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell

A UV-visible rapid scan spectrophotometer (RSS) was coupled to a Au rotating disk electrode (RDE) for monitoring at near-normal incidence the reflection-absorption spectrum of the diffusion boundary layer in [Fe(CN)(6)](4)(-) aqueous solutions over a potential region in which [Fe(CN)(6)](4-) oxidizes, generating highly absorbing [Fe(CN)(6)](3-) (lambda(max) = 420 nm). Measurements were performed under steady-state conditions at rotation rates, omega, in the range 300 相似文献