Error estimation for the automated multi‐level substructuring method

In this study, we propose an effective method to estimate the reliability of finite element models reduced by the automated multi‐level substructuring (AMLS) method. The proposed error estimation method can accurately predict relative eigenvalue errors in reduced finite element models. A new, enhanced transformation matrix for the AMLS method is derived from the original transformation matrix by properly considering the contribution of residual substructural modes. The enhanced transformation matrix is an important prerequisite to develop the error estimation method. Adopting the basic concept of the error estimation method recently developed for the Craig–Bampton method, an error estimation method is developed for the AMLS method. Through various numerical examples, we demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed error estimation method and explore its computational efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A distortion measure to validate and generate curved high‐order meshes on CAD surfaces with independence of parameterization

A framework to validate and generate curved nodal high‐order meshes on Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) surfaces is presented. The proposed framework is of major interest to generate meshes suitable for thin‐shell and 3D finite element analysis with unstructured high‐order methods. First, we define a distortion (quality) measure for high‐order meshes on parameterized surfaces that we prove to be independent of the surface parameterization. Second, we derive a smoothing and untangling procedure based on the minimization of a regularization of the proposed distortion measure. The minimization is performed in terms of the parametric coordinates of the nodes to enforce that the nodes slide on the surfaces. Moreover, the proposed algorithm repairs invalid curved meshes (untangling), deals with arbitrary polynomial degrees (high‐order), and handles with low‐quality CAD parameterizations (independence of parameterization). Third, we use the optimization procedure to generate curved nodal high‐order surface meshes by means of an a posteriori approach. Given a linear mesh, we increase the polynomial degree of the elements, curve them to match the geometry, and optimize the location of the nodes to ensure mesh validity. Finally, we present several examples to demonstrate the features of the optimization procedure, and to illustrate the surface mesh generation process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of Pivotal Causes and Spreaders in the Time‐Varying Fault Propagation Model to Improve the Decision Making under Abnormal Situation

Under abnormal conditions, timely and effective decisions of system recovery and protective measures are of great significance for safety‐critical systems. The knowledge of the roles that network nodes play in the spreading process is crucial for developing efficient maintenance decisions; for singling out and preferential control, the ‘pivotal spreaders’ may be a way to maximize the chances to timely hinder the fault pervasion. Inspired by the inhomogeneous topological nature of a complex fault propagation network, this study is devoted to exploring the spreading capabilities of nodes regarding both structural connectivity and causal influence strength, so as to provide decisions of preferential recovery actions under specific fault scenarios. Specifically, the dynamic betweenness centrality and nonsymmetrical entropy are incorporated to adaptively measure the system‐wide fault diffusion risk of a set of controllable fault events. In order to model the dynamics and uncertainties involved in the complex fault spreading process, we introduce the model of a dynamic uncertain causality graph, based on which solutions of time‐varying structure decomposition and causality reduction are adopted to improve the reasoning efficiency. Verification experiments consisting of simulated calculation cases and generator faults of a nuclear power plant show empirically the effectiveness and applicability of this method in large‐scale engineering practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliability Estimation of Blu‐Ray Recordable Media with Effect of Initial Recording Performance

The lifetime and the reliability of Blu‐Ray Recordable media were estimated with an acceleration test varying the temperature and the relative humidity. Some brand of the media showed relatively long lifetime over 80 years, but another brand was immeasurable because the media was broken during the acceleration procedure. A strong dependence of the lifetime of the media on the brand was observed. Effect of the initial recording performance in terms of the random symbol error rate and the jitter on the reliability was analyzed. The random symbol error rate showed a strong correlation with the reliability of the Blu‐Ray Recordable media. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Single Sampling Plan Based on Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Model for Linear Profiles

The exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) model has been successfully used in acceptance sampling plans. The EWMA model provides the quality information of the current lot and the preceding lots. In addition, a multiple dependent state (MDS) sampling plan considers the quality information of the preceding lots. In this study, we present two new sampling plans for linear profiles. One is based on EWMA model with yield index using the single sampling plan, and the other is based on EWMA model with yield index using the MDS sampling plans. The plan parameters are determined by a nonlinear optimization approach. As the smoothing parameter value equals to one, the first proposed plan becomes the traditional single sampling plan. In addition, we compare the proposed plans with the traditional single sampling plan. The results indicate that the MDS sampling plan based on EWMA model with yield index with smaller value of smoothing parameter performs better than the traditional single sampling plan and the single sampling plan based on EWMA model with yield index in terms of the sample size required. One real example is used to illustrate the proposed plan. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reference Range Estimation: Accounting for Measurement System Errors

Reference range is a statistic that is used in health related fields to represent the range of the most likely values for a variable of interest. Based on this range, individuals are classified as being healthy or unhealthy. In biostatistics, the reference range is calculated as the (1 ? α)% prediction interval, where this prediction interval is based on the estimated population variance from the data. Such estimation of population variance is not precise, because obtained test results do usually have errors associated with them. These errors are due to the imprecise test procedure or gauge used. In this paper, the total variability in the data is decomposed into two categories. The first is the patient‐to‐patient variability and the other is the variability due to the measurement system used. Estimation of the two kinds is performed through a gauge repeatability and reproducibility study, then the reference range is calculated, taking into account only the patient‐to‐patient variability. The revised reference range procedure is illustrated through a case study of vitamin B12 test results. A closed form formula is given to calculate the probability of a given test result being within the revised reference range. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiple Comparisons with the Best for Process Selection for Linear Profiles with One‐sided Specifications

In this study, we propose the multiple comparisons with the best method based on the yield index to compare the process yields of K (K ≥ 2) suppliers for linear profiles with one‐sided specifications. The performance analysis of the proposed method is conducted. The numbers of profiles required for different power levels are also provided. A simulated data set from a leather dyeing process is presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control Charts with Variable Dimension for Linear Combination of Poisson Variables

This article analyzes the simultaneous control of several correlated Poisson variables by using the Variable Dimension Linear Combination of Poisson Variables (VDLCP) control chart, which is a variable dimension version of the LCP chart. This control chart uses as test statistic, the linear combination of correlated Poisson variables in an adaptive way, i.e. it monitors either p₁ or p variables (p₁ < p) depending on the last statistic value. To analyze the performance of this chart, we have developed software that finds the best parameters, optimizing the out‐of‐control average run length (ARL) for a shift that the practitioner wishes to detect as quickly as possible, restricted to a fixed value for in‐control ARL. Markov chains and genetic algorithms were used in developing this software. The results show performance improvement compared to the LCP chart. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control Charts for the Lognormal Mean

Among a set of tools that form the core of statistical process control, statistical control charts are most commonly used for controlling, monitoring, and improving processes. The conventional control charts are based on the assumption that the distribution of the quality characteristic to be monitored follows the normal distribution. However, in real applications, many process distributions may follow a positively skewed distribution such as the lognormal distribution. In this study, we discuss the construction of several control charts for monitoring the mean of the lognormal distribution. A real example is used to demonstrate how these charts can be applied in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling and Thermal Analysis of Tray‐layered Fruits inside Ventilated Packages during Forced‐air Precooling

Ventilated packaging is widely used in the forced‐air precooling practice for horticultural produce. Fresh fruits are living organisms which are sensitive to temperature in turn related to airflow and heat transfer inside package. In this study, a transient mathematical model considering heat of respiration and evaporation is developed to predict the thermal response of tray‐layered fruits in ventilated packages during forced‐air precooling. Specifically, the heat source is combined with the energy conservation equation and loaded into numerical solution by User Defined Function (UDF). Temperature profiles of three variously distributed circular and oblong vents in three different patterns (spaced, paralleled and crossed stacking) are simulated, separately. The results show that the heat source affects fruit cooling process, and the layered fruit in paralleled stacking pattern tends to be cooled better than others. Furthermore, the results indicate that vertical oblong vent could improve the longitudinal and lateral airflow, while non‐central vent design could greatly improve the overall cooling performance. Definitely a triangular distribution of three circular vents was superior to laterally distributed centre vents with 66.5% higher uniformity and 2.5°C lower of the highest temperature. Compared with the three identical vertical oblong vent conditions, vent design with one hand hole and two side vertical oblong vents can be cooled more uniformly with an increase of 6.5%. It is revealed that vents with large major‐to‐minor axis ratio could be applied to balance airflow and ease cooling differences for a rapid but uniform cooling. Experimental validations were performed for Sim2, Sim4 and Sim6, Sim8, Sim9, and good agreement was obtained considering the five vent conditions with the error less than 3.5°C but coordinated later (within the limits of the experimental uncertainty).Thus the numerical model can be used to predict and optimize temperature distribution within precooling packages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.