A balanced solution of a fuzzy soft set based decision making problem in medical science

The purpose of this paper is two folded. Firstly, the concept of mean potentiality approach (MPA) has been developed and an algorithm based on this new approach has been proposed to get a balanced solution of a fuzzy soft set based decision making problem. Secondly, a parameter reduction procedure based on relational algebra with the help of the balanced algorithm of mean potentiality approach has been used to reduce the choice parameter set in the parlance of fuzzy soft set theory and it is justified to the problems of diagnosis of a disease from the myriad of symptoms from medical science. Moreover the feasibility of this proposed method is demonstrated by comparing with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Naive Bayes classification method and Feng's method.     

Parameters to Define the Electron Beam Trajectory of a Double-Tapered Disc-Loaded Wideband Gyro-TWT in Profiled Magnetic Field

In the method of tapering the cross section of the interaction structure for broadbanding a gyro-TWT, the different portions of the interaction length of the tapered-cross-section waveguide become effective for different frequency ranges if the magnetic field and beam parameters are profiled to maintain the condition of electron cyclotron resonance throughout the interaction length. In the present paper, the study of profiling the magnetic field and beam parameters in steps of the stepped analytical model of a double-tapered disc-loaded circular waveguide was made throughout the steps of the model. In the observed profile, the magnetic flux density in a typical step relative to its value in first-step decreases from first-step (gun-end) to end-step (collector-end) of the model considering the up-tapering schemes, in which structure parameters increase from gun-end to collector-end. Also, the transverse beam velocity in a typical step relative to its value in first-step decreases from gun-end to collector-end. However, the Larmor radius in a typical step relative to its value in first-step as well as the hollow-beam radius in a typical step relative to its value in first-step, both increase from gun-end to collector-end in the model considering the up-tapering schemes.     

An architecture for next-generation radio access networks

With fourth-generation wireless technologies envisioned to provide high bandwidth for content-rich multimedia applications, next-generation mobile communication systems are well poised to lead the technology march. Incumbent with the new technology is the challenge of providing flexible, reconfigurable architectures capable of catering to the dynamics of the network, while providing cost-effective solutions for service providers. In this article we focus on IP-based radio access network architectures for next-generation mobile systems. We provide an insight into wireless mesh-based connectivity for the RAN network elements - using short high-bandwidth links to interconnect the network entities in a multihop mesh network for backhauling traffic to the core. A generic self-similar fractal topology, using optical wireless transmission technology, is described. We study the performance of the architecture and conclude that mesh-based architectures are well suited to provide highly scalable, dynamic radio access networks with carrier-class features at significantly low system costs.     

In vitro biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of wet chemically prepared Ca10−xAgx(PO4)6(OH)2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) hydroxyapatites

Herein, we report the effect of silver ions on the physical, antimicrobial and cytocompatibility properties of wet chemically synthesized silver doped Ca_10?xAg_x(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) hydroxyapatites (HAp). Silver ions containing HAp exhibit the comparable density, hardness and enhanced antimicrobial properties, in comparison to parent HAp. The optical absorption measurements confirm the presence of silver ions in the doped compositions, which are responsible for as increased antimicrobial property of doped HAp materials for x > 0.3. The cytotoxicity behavior of the doped HAp was evaluated using mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line. The important result has been that doped HAp (x > 0.3) exhibit statistically (significant) lower cell viability in comparison to undoped HAp. However, no difference in cellular functionality on doped HAp surfaces, in terms of cell adhesion and proliferation could be qualitatively observed in reference to undoped HAp. In order to explain the observed antimicrobial and cell viability properties, the in vitro release of Ag⁺ ions has been quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and solubility was measured by weight loss in acetate buffer solution.     

Nano and micro structural studies of thin films of ZnO

Zinc oxide thin films grown by sol–gel and RF sputtering methods have been characterized. The characterization techniques used involve ellipsometry, optical absorption, scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The films grown by sol–gel spin method which followed zinc acetate route exhibited a smoother texture than the films, which were deposited by using zinc nitrate route. The later type of films showed a dendritic character. Nano-structured fine grains of size ranging from 20 to 60 nm were observed with zinc nitrate precursor film. Individual grains show a sharp contrast with different facets and boundaries. Crystal planes and lattice parameters calculated by electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction are quite close and in agreement with the reported values in literature. Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used for measuring the average roughness of the surface and estimating the lattice constants. The STM studies of RF sputtered films, although showing a ZnO structure, exhibited a disturbed lattice. This was presumably due to the fact that after deposition the films were not annealed. Nanographs of 2D and 3D view of atomic positions of ZnO have been presented by using scanning tunneling microscopy.     

Effect of Ni<Superscript>2+</Superscript>, V<Superscript>4+</Superscript> and Mo<Superscript>6+</Superscript> concentration on iron oxidation by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</Emphasis>

The ferrous oxidation ability of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in the presence of Ni²⁺, V⁴⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ in 9 K media in order to implement the culture in the bioleaching of spent catalyst. The rate of iron oxidation decreased with increasing concentration of metal ions, but the rate of inhibition was metal-ion dependent. The tolerance limit was critical at a concentration of 25 g/L Ni²⁺, 5 g/L V⁴⁺ and 0.03 g/L Mo⁶⁺. The growth rate of microorganisms was negligible at concentrations of 6 g/L V⁴⁺ and 0.04 g/L Mo⁶⁺. Levels and degree of toxicity of these ions have been quantified in terms of a toxicity index (TI). The toxicity order of metal ions was found to be Mo⁶⁺>V⁴⁺>Ni²⁺. The significance and relevance of multi-metal ion tolerance in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has been highlighted with respect to bioleaching of spent refinery catalyst.     

Modelling of convection during solidification of metal and alloys

The role of convection during solidification is studied with the help of a mathematical model. The effect of various mush models on convection and consequent macrosegregation is examined with the help of numerical simulations. The predicted macrosegregation profiles are compared with published experimental data. Subsequently, the importance of proper auxiliary relationship for thermo-solutal coupling in the mushy region is highlighted through some careful numerical simulations. Finally, the role of material parameters on double-diffusive convection is illustrated through comparative study of solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride, iron-carbon and lead-tin binary systems. Important results of these studies are presented and discussed.     

Glass forming ability and stability: Ternary Cu bearing Ti,Zr, Hf alloys

Four Cu bearing alloys of nominal composition Zr₂₅Ti₂₅Cu₅₀, Zr₃₄Ti₁₆Cu₅₀, Zr₂₅Hf₂₅Cu₅₀ and Ti₂₅Hf₂₅Cu₅₀ have been rapidly solidified in order to produce ribbons. All the alloys become amorphous after melt-spinning. In the Zr₃₄Ti₁₆Cu₅₀ alloy localized precipitation of cF24 Cu₅Zr phase can be observed in the amorphous matrix. The alloys show a tendency of phase separation at the initial stages of crystallization. The difference in crystallization behavior of these alloys with Ni bearing ternary alloys can be explained by atomic size, binary heat of mixing and Mendeleev number. It has been observed that both Laves and Anti-Laves phase forming compositions are suitable for glass formation. The structures of the phases, precipitated during rapid solidification and crystallization can be viewed in terms of Bernal deltahedra and Frank–Kasper polyhedra.