Laboratory studies have been performed on simultaneous dephosphorization and desulfurization of Si-free Fe-4.5 % C melts with [P]o = 0.11 wt.% and [S]o = 0.04 wt.% in MF induction furnaces at 1 350°C. In these investigations, CaO- or Na2CO3-based fluxes were used and the techniques of powder injection or single top slag addition were applied. The following results have been obtained:
– The effectiveness of lime and soda-based fluxes with regard to dephosphorization is practically the same. But a lower sulfur level is attained when Na2CO3-based fluxes are used.
– In the injection experiments, efficiencies of ηP = 80% for dephosphorization and ηs = 90% for desulfurization are easily reached at a powder consumption of 50 to 60 g/kg. But a further increase of the η values requires a remarkable increase in the amount of injected powder. Top slag addition instead of powder injection is less effective, in general.
– Apparent rate constants k[P] and k[S] from 0.05 to 0.3 min?1 have been determined in the initial stage of injection depending on the relative amount of injected flux. In the top slag experiments, the k[P] and k[S] values were practically constant at a level of 0.1 min?1.
Furthermore, dephosphorization of molten Fe-C-Mn alloys at 1 350°C has been studied at variable Mn content. It is predicted from thermodynamic data and confirmed by experiments that dephosphorization lessens with increasing Mn content in the range from 0 to 15 wt.%. 相似文献
A miniature electrostatic element has been designed to selectively apply a 90 degrees phase shift to the unscattered beam in the back focal plane of the objective lens, in order to realize Zernike-type, in-focus phase contrast in an electron microscope. The design involves a cylindrically shaped, biased-voltage electrode, which is surrounded by a concentric grounded electrode. Electrostatic calculations have been used to determine that the fringing fields in the region of the scattered electron beams will cause a negligible phase shift as long as the ratio of electrode length to the transverse feature size is greater than 5:1. Unlike the planar, three-electrode einzel lens originally proposed by Boersch for the same purpose, this new design does not require insulating layers to separate the biased and grounded electrodes, and it can thus be produced by a very simple microfabrication process. Scanning electron microscope images confirm that mechanically robust devices with feature sizes of approximately 1 microm can be easily fabricated. Preliminary experimental images demonstrate that these devices do apply a 90 degrees phase shift between the scattered and unscattered electrons, as expected. 相似文献
When biological materials are infiltrated by a water-soluble melamine resin and hardened, they become as hard as glass. This is a prerequisite for extreme thin-sectioning. In this paper, the structural information from unsupported transparent thin sections of beef liver catalase, calf thymus DNA, horse spleen ferritin, insect muscle and rat microtubules is compared to that of normal thin sections. While ferritin molecules (12 nm diameter), microtubule subunits (8 nm long axis) and catalase crystals (8 nm subunit diameter) appear to become mechanically damaged in a 10 nm section (as measured by resectioning), DNA-molecules (3 nm diameter) are satisfactorily preserved during sectioning. Remarkably, for electron phase contrast imaging of unstained cross-sectioned insect muscle, a minimum section thickness of about 30–40 nm is required. 相似文献
An asymptotic approach for simulation of the imperfect interfacial bonding in composite materials is proposed. We introduce between the matrix and inclusions a flexible bond layer of a volume fraction c(3) and of a non-dimensional rigidity λ(3), derive a solution for such three-component structure, and then set c(3)→0, λ(3)→0. In the asymptotic limit depending on the ratio λ(3)/c(3) different degrees of the interface's response can be simulated. A problem of the axial shear of elastic fibre-reinforced composites with square and hexagonal arrays of cylindrical inclusions is considered. The performed analysis is based on the asymptotic homogenization method, the cell problem is solved using the underlying principles of the boundary shape perturbation technique. As a result, we obtain approximate analytical solutions for the effective shear modulus and for the stress field on micro level depending on the degree of the interfacial debonding. Developed solutions are valid for all values of the components’ volume fractions and properties. In particular, they work well in cases of rapid oscillations of local stresses (e.g., in the case of densely packed perfectly rigid inclusions), while many of other commonly used methods may face computational difficulties. 相似文献
Photo-curing has become increasingly popular in wood coating applications relative to thermally initiated processes due to increased curing rate with reduction in solvent and energy requirements. Stressing the last advantage, light emitting diodes (LEDs) utilize less energy and last longer than traditional Hg lamps and are commercially available now in wavelengths below 400 nm. Although photo-curing does have its advantages, an additional difficulty is encountered when this is performed in open-air since molecular oxygen inhibits radical polymerization. This leads to insufficiently cured films that remain tacky at the surface. Although nitrogen gas inerting can be highly successful in excluding oxygen, chemical additives are often preferable to the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) end user. A variety of additives have been introduced over the last 30 years both in the scientific and patent literature. We have chosen to experimentally reinvestigate the applicability of some of these additives (hydrogen donors, functional monomers, reducing agents, CO2 producing agents, and singlet oxygen scavengers), applying them to a urethane acrylate base formulation. Curing was performed with LED irradiation and effectiveness assessed by FTIR in transmission mode. 相似文献
It is shown that finite terminating ground term rewrite systems have linearly bounded derivational complexity. This is proven
via some suitable interpretation into the natural numbers. Terminating ground systems are not necessarily totally terminating,
i.e., a strictly monotone interpretation into a well-order might not exist. We show, however, that those systems are almostω-terminating in the sense that such an interpretation into the sum of a finite partial order and the natural numbers always effectively
exists. Finally, we show that for ground systems total termination is equivalent to ω-termination, and that this is a decidable
property.
Received: December 8, 1999 相似文献
The quality of Web services is an important factor for businesses that advertise or sell their services in the Internet. Failures can directly lead to fewer costumers or security problems. However, the testing of complex Web services that are organized in service-oriented architectures is a difficult and complex problem. Model-based testing (MBT) is one solution to deal with the complexity of the testing. With MBT, testers do not define the tests directly, but rather specify the structure and behavior of the System Under Test using models. Then, a test strategy is used to derive test cases automatically from the models. However, MBT yields a large amount of tests for complex systems which require lots of resources for their execution, thereby limiting its potential. Within this article, we discuss how cloud computing can be used to provide the required resources for scaling up test campaigns with large amounts of test cases derived using MBT.