Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie bei der Untersuchung metallkundlicher Fragen

Anwendung der Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie in der Metallographie und der Fraktographie, bei der Untersuchung von Oberflächenstrukturen, Isolaten und von nichtmetallischen Stoffen.     

The attribute rating test for sensory analysis.

This new sensory method evaluates the intensity of an odorant by using a modified "paired-comparison" format. It can be applied to any situation for which the odor-causing agent is known and a purified standard is available. The attribute rating test requires that a standard solution of the odorant be prepared at a concentration that is both readily recognized by most individuals and likely to evoke customer complaints. Within an hour individuals can be trained to compare the odor type and intensity of the standard to water samples, then rate the odor in the sample as "not detected," "less than the standard," "equal to standard," or "greater than the standard." The attribute rating test was successfully used by a full-scale water treatment facility to monitor the intensity of geosmin in the source water and to determine the effectiveness of powdered activated carbon for controlling its earthy-odor in treated water.     

Diffusion of microspheres in sealed and open microarrays

In several experiments, we study the diffusion of microspheres with different radii in microarrays filled with a variety of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol. We study diffusion in open and closed (sealed) microarrays. In sealed nanoliter wells, the tracers show pure diffusion, whereas in open reactors, a radial outward-directed evaporation-induced liquid flow is superimposed onto the diffusion. In general, one of the following quantities can be calculated if the others are known: the temperature, the viscosity of the medium, the radius of the microbeads, or the diffusion constant. The estimated diffusion constants in closed microarrays are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the Brownian motion. We monitor the motion of the microbeads under a microscope and extract their paths in time from the digital recordings. Ambiguous paths due to the crossing of two trajectories can be detected. We show that low microsphere concentrations or high viscosities do not hamper a robust estimation of the diffusion parameters.     

On probability distributions of contact force magnitudes in loaded dense granular media

This paper discusses possible models for probability distributions of contact force magnitudes in loaded granular media. Many authors have studied such distributions, based on experiments with real particles as well as simulations in 2D and 3D. This has led to various and partly contradicting suggestions for the form of those distributions, which are described in the present paper. Its new theoretical investigations start from the empirically justified assumption that the components of contact forces follow exponential distributions with a certain dependence structure. This leads to distributions of force magnitudes similar to Gamma distributions with shape parameters depending on space dimension, which is in good agreement to results from experiments and numerical simulations. Also the analytical and statistical difficulties of the problem of determination of distributions of force magnitudes are discussed.In a discussion of Stefan Luding and D.S. the idea arose to consider dependent force components. Niels Kruyt supported our work by sending his papers and by patient discussions via e-mail and a careful reading of an earlier version of this paper.We had a very useful discussion with Farhang Radjai about the problem P(0)=0 and experiments with real disks. Finally, we are grateful to Tomaso Aste for leading our attention to infinitely divisible distributions.     

Zweiphasige Mischungen aus Polyamid 6 und Polyäthylen

Polymer blends of polyamide 6 and polyethylene are obtained by application of high shearing forces to the two component polymer melt. No formation of block and of graft copolymers occurs. The polymer blend consists of two separate and mutually incompatible phases of both components, determining its bulk properties. To improve the compatibility of both polymers, experiments were performed to graft polyamide 6 onto polyethylene. It could be shown that polyethylene modified with maleic anhydride was especially suited for this purpose. Polyamide 6 chains could be grafted onto this modified polyethylene by anionic polymerization. The mechanical properties of a mixture of the graft copolymer with polyamide 6 are significantly better than those of a mere polyamide-6-polyethylene blend. This improvement is attributed to a greater homogenity of the two phase mixture if the graft copolymer is added.