The attribute rating test for sensory analysis.

This new sensory method evaluates the intensity of an odorant by using a modified "paired-comparison" format. It can be applied to any situation for which the odor-causing agent is known and a purified standard is available. The attribute rating test requires that a standard solution of the odorant be prepared at a concentration that is both readily recognized by most individuals and likely to evoke customer complaints. Within an hour individuals can be trained to compare the odor type and intensity of the standard to water samples, then rate the odor in the sample as "not detected," "less than the standard," "equal to standard," or "greater than the standard." The attribute rating test was successfully used by a full-scale water treatment facility to monitor the intensity of geosmin in the source water and to determine the effectiveness of powdered activated carbon for controlling its earthy-odor in treated water.     

Diffusion of microspheres in sealed and open microarrays

In several experiments, we study the diffusion of microspheres with different radii in microarrays filled with a variety of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol. We study diffusion in open and closed (sealed) microarrays. In sealed nanoliter wells, the tracers show pure diffusion, whereas in open reactors, a radial outward-directed evaporation-induced liquid flow is superimposed onto the diffusion. In general, one of the following quantities can be calculated if the others are known: the temperature, the viscosity of the medium, the radius of the microbeads, or the diffusion constant. The estimated diffusion constants in closed microarrays are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the Brownian motion. We monitor the motion of the microbeads under a microscope and extract their paths in time from the digital recordings. Ambiguous paths due to the crossing of two trajectories can be detected. We show that low microsphere concentrations or high viscosities do not hamper a robust estimation of the diffusion parameters.     

On probability distributions of contact force magnitudes in loaded dense granular media

This paper discusses possible models for probability distributions of contact force magnitudes in loaded granular media. Many authors have studied such distributions, based on experiments with real particles as well as simulations in 2D and 3D. This has led to various and partly contradicting suggestions for the form of those distributions, which are described in the present paper. Its new theoretical investigations start from the empirically justified assumption that the components of contact forces follow exponential distributions with a certain dependence structure. This leads to distributions of force magnitudes similar to Gamma distributions with shape parameters depending on space dimension, which is in good agreement to results from experiments and numerical simulations. Also the analytical and statistical difficulties of the problem of determination of distributions of force magnitudes are discussed.In a discussion of Stefan Luding and D.S. the idea arose to consider dependent force components. Niels Kruyt supported our work by sending his papers and by patient discussions via e-mail and a careful reading of an earlier version of this paper.We had a very useful discussion with Farhang Radjai about the problem P(0)=0 and experiments with real disks. Finally, we are grateful to Tomaso Aste for leading our attention to infinitely divisible distributions.     

Zweiphasige Mischungen aus Polyamid 6 und Polyäthylen

Polymer blends of polyamide 6 and polyethylene are obtained by application of high shearing forces to the two component polymer melt. No formation of block and of graft copolymers occurs. The polymer blend consists of two separate and mutually incompatible phases of both components, determining its bulk properties. To improve the compatibility of both polymers, experiments were performed to graft polyamide 6 onto polyethylene. It could be shown that polyethylene modified with maleic anhydride was especially suited for this purpose. Polyamide 6 chains could be grafted onto this modified polyethylene by anionic polymerization. The mechanical properties of a mixture of the graft copolymer with polyamide 6 are significantly better than those of a mere polyamide-6-polyethylene blend. This improvement is attributed to a greater homogenity of the two phase mixture if the graft copolymer is added.     

Mitigating uranium in groundwater: prospects and limitations

Removal of uranium(VI) by zerovalent iron has been suggested as a feasible pathway to control uranium contaminations in seepage waters. Available information in the literature however presents discrepant evidence on the process responsible for the mitigation effect. On basis of an EH-pH diagram of uranium and iron, it is outlined that these discrepancies may be explained by the aqueous chemistry of uranium and iron. Additional effects contributing to the complexity of the system are given. Solubilization experiments using scrap iron together with water works sludge, MnO2, and pyrite indicate that U(VI) is immobilized by iron corrosion products after about 50 days.     

Fate and transport of copper-based crop protectants in plasticulture runoff and the impact of sedimentation as a best management practice

The fate and distribution of copper-based crop protectants, applied to plasticulture tomato fields to protect against disease, were investigated in a greenhouse-scale simulation of farming conditions in a coastal environment. Following rainfall, 99% of the applied copper was found to remain on the fields sorbed to the soil and plants; most of the soil-bound copper was found sorbed to the top 2.5 cm of soil between the plasticulture rows. Of the copper leaving the agricultural fields, 82% was found in the runoff with the majority, 74%. sorbed to the suspended solids. The remaining copper, 18%, leached through the soil and entered the groundwater with 10% in the dissolved phase and 8% sorbed to suspended solids. Although only 1% copper was found to leave the field, this was sufficient to cause high copper concentrations (average 2102+/-433 microg/L total copper and 189+/-139 microg/L dissolved copper) in the runoff. Copper concentrations in groundwater samples were also high (average 312+/-198 microg/L total copper and 216+/-99 microg/L dissolved copper). Sedimentation, a best management practice for reducing copper loadings. was found to reduce the total copper concentrations in runoff by 90% to a concentration of 245+/-127 microg/L; however, dissolved copper concentrations remained stable, averaging 139+/-55 microg/L. Total copper concentrations were significantly reduced by the effective removal of suspended solids with sorbed copper.     

Formation of a Tribologically Transformed Surface (TTS) on AISI 1045 Steel by Friction Stir Processing

Superficial nanostructuration by friction stir processing (FSP) experiments has been carried out on samples of AISI 45 steel. Sixteen tests were carried out, with a traverse speed in the range of 10–70 mm/min and 900–1800 N for the normal force at a constant rotational speed of 2000 rpm, in order to determine the optimal conditions for the process applied to this material and to test its feasibility. The results obtained have shown that FSP in this range of parameters leads to the formation of a stirred layer of small grains (30 times smaller than the initial grains) with high hardness (approximately doubled). When the load is higher than 1500 N and the traverse speed is superior to 50 mm/min, a white layer (WL) with very high hardness can be produced. It has also been determined that the increase of the stirred layers’ thickness is almost linked to the increase of the normal force.     

Fractal substructure of a nanopowder generated by repeated fragmentation and sedimentation: the rôle of the dust

Packings of cohesive nanoparticles, that is nanopowders, may be obtained as the result of repeated fragmentation–reagglomeration cycles (Schwager et al. in Phys Rev Lett 100:218002, 2008) such that the resulting sediment reveals a fractal structure. The size distribution of the fragments after a fragmentation step is a superposition of a narrow distribution of large particles (chunks) whose size is determined by the cutting length and a power-law distribution for small particles, representing scale invariant dust. It was shown that the exponent of the power-law, \(\tau \), is in non-trivial relation to the fractal dimension, \(d_f\), via \(d_f(2-\tau )=1\). This poses the question for the structure of the sediment created by repeated fragmentation–reagglomeration cycles when the dust particles are excluded from the reagglomeration step. We found that even in this case, repeated fragmentation–reagglomeration cycles yield a sediment of fractal structure with slightly reduced fractal dimension while the dust exponent, \(\tau \), remains unchanged.