Some modified results of the subtraction and division operations on interval neutrosophic sets

An interval neutrosophic set (INS), characterised by the truth, indeterminacy and falsity membership functions, is a powerful structure for handling the uncertain, imprecise and incomplete information existing in the real world in a better way. Under this environment, an attempt is made to define the subtraction and division operations, by imposing some new constrained conditions, after removing the shortcomings of existing operations. The deficiencies of the existing operations are validated through some counterexamples. Further, various desirable properties related to these operations are investigated in detail. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to validate it.     

Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal. Part I. Volatilisation of Na and Cl from a set of NaCl-loaded samples

A set of NaCl-loaded coal samples was prepared by physically impregnating NaCl into a Victorian (Loy Yang) brown coal. This set of brown coal samples was pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser and in a novel fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor. The latter reactor has some features of both a fluidised-bed reactor and a fixed-bed reactor. The reactor configuration allowed the volatilised Na to be swept away by carrier gas from the bed of char particles, avoiding the re-condensation of the volatilised Na on the char particles at lower temperatures. The volatilisation of Na and of Cl during pyrolysis was quantified simultaneously. The results indicated that a significant proportion of Cl could be volatilised at temperatures around 200°C. The volatilisation of Cl increased drastically with increasing temperature, from 200 to about 500°C. At higher temperatures with a fast heating rate, Cl could interact with the nascent char to be retained in the char. The volatilisation of Na followed a different trend from that of Cl and increased monotonically with increasing temperature. The loading of NaCl into the brown coal had negligible effects on the total volatile yields and on the volatilisation of Mg and Ca during pyrolysis. It is concluded that NaCl in the brown coal was mainly released as Na and Cl separately rather than as NaCl molecules. Reactions involving radicals play important roles in the volatilisation of Na and Cl.     

Sound Speeds and Excess Isentropic Compressibilities of Ternary Mixtures of Tetrahydropyran and Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 308.15 K

Speeds of sound, u _ijk , of tetrahydropyran (THP) (i) + benzene (j) + toluene or o- or p-xylene (k), and tetrahydropyran (i)+toluene (j) + o- or p-xylene (k) ternary mixtures have been measured over the entire mole fraction range at 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The speed-of-sound data have been used to calculate isentropic compressibilities, (k_S)_ijk{(kappa_S)_{ijk}} , and excess isentropic compressibilities, (k_S^E)_ijk{(kappa_S^{rm E})_{ijk}} . The (k_S^E)_ijk{(kappa_S^{rm E})_{ijk}} values for the investigated mixtures are correlated with the Redlich–Kister equation to estimate ternary adjustable parameters and standard deviations. The Moelwyn–Huggins concept (Huggins, Polymer 12:357, 1971) of interaction between the surfaces of components of binary mixtures has been extended to predict excess isentropic compressibilities of ternary mixtures by employing the concept of connectivity parameters of the third degree of a molecule (which in turn depends on its topology). It has been observed that (k_S)_ijk{(kappa_S)_{ijk}} values predicted by the Moelwyn–Huggins concept compare well with corresponding experimental values.     

Idiopathic gingival enlargement--report of two cases

Idiopathic gingival enlargement is a rare condition of undetermined etiology, although some cases have definite hereditary basis. It affects entire gingivae in the form of small to large masses. It causes diastema, displacement and malocclusion of teeth. In severe cases it leads to poor esthetics, restricted movements of tongue, interference with speech, and difficulty in mastication.     

Microsoft在进化?——外包供应商对Visual Studio 2010测试架构的观感

印象中Microsoft的开发平台从诞生之日起就被打上了深刻的“开发专用”印记,似乎它关心的永远是如何更快速,更方便地开发和调试。测试,特别是被严格管理的系统测试向来不是它的关注重点。     

Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic properties of Bi2−x Sb x WO6 nanorods

We report an efficient route for the sonochemical synthesis of Bi_2?x Sb _x WO₆ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 2) nanorods using bismuth nitrate/antimony chloride and sodium tungstate as precursors. The products obtained have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photoactivities of all the samples for the Rhodamine-B (RhB) photodegradation were investigated systematically under UV and visible light irradiation. The results of the photocatalytic degradation of RhB in aqueous solution showed that 2–5 % antimony ion doping greatly improved the photocatalytic efficiency of sonochemically synthesized Bi₂WO₆ nanorods under both UV and visible radiation compared to its undoped counterpart. Among all the samples, the Sb₂WO₆ nanorods exhibited the highest photodegradation efficiency since 86 % of RhB could be photodegraded in 90 min under UV radiation. The stability of the photocatalysts was ascertained using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy.     

Kinetics,equilibrium and thermodynamic studies on biosorption of hexavalent chromium by dead fungal biomass of marine Aspergillus niger

Quite a number of reports are available on metal binding capacity of different groups of microorganisms. However, reports on the equilibrium studies on biosorption by marine fungi are quite inadequate. The present study was carried out in a batch system using dead biomass of marine Aspergillus niger for the sorption of Cr(VI). The removal rate of Cr(VI) was increased with a decrease in pH and an increase in Cr(VI) and biomass concentration. A. niger exhibited the highest Cr(VI) uptake of 117.33 mg g^?1 of biomass at pH 1.0 in the presence of 400 mg l^?1 Cr at 50 °C. Kinetics studies based on fractional power, zero order, first order, pseudo-first order, Elovich, second order and pseudo-second order rate expressions have also been carried out. The experimental data were analyzed using five, two-parameter isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin and Halsey). It was observed that Langmuir model exhibited the best fit to experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters of the biosorption (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were also determined.