On finite dynamic equations for fluid-saturated porous media

Summary The paper concerns the relations between two principally different approaches to the formulation of momentum balance equations in porous media theories, namely, the dynamic approach similar to Biot's theory and the modern approach as a result of mixture theories extended by the concept of volume fractions. In particular, it is shown that both approaches necessarily lead to the same type of momentum balance equations and furthermore contain, in a certain sense, within the geometrically linear case, the well-known classical equations of Biot's theory.     

Verified inclusion for eigenvalues of the first order PLL equation with general phase detector characteristics

We present a method depending on matrix continued fractions and Sturm's comparison theorem to obtain verified inclusions for eigenvalues of the underlying boundary value problem of the first-order phase locked loop equation $pu'' + (\lambda + \tilde g)u = 0$ ,p = 1/SNR with general phase detector characteristic $\tilde g(\phi )$ .     

Electromagnetic field diffusion, θ-functions,and image solutions

Contents We discuss some initial and boundary value problems of one-dimensional electromagnetic field diffusion. The solutions can be given by infinite series in two essentially different (however equivalent) forms, one being the usual Fourier-expansion and the other one being an infinite series of Gaussian exponentials or related functions (as for instance error-functions). The second form can be obtained by using infinitely many images to fulfill initial and boundary conditions. Finally the mathematical relations between the two equivalent types of solutions are discussed in terms of -functions and their transformation properties. The existence of the solutions in these two different forms is very interesting from a numerical point of view also.

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Die Diffusion elektromagnetischer Felder, -Funktionen und Spiegelungsmethoden

Übersicht Es werden einige Anfangs- und Randwertprobleme eindimensionaler elektromagnetischer Felddiffusion erörtert. Die Lösungen können in zwei wesentlich verschiedenen (jedoch gleichwertigen) Formen angegeben werden, erstens in Form üblicher Fourier-Reihen und zweitens in Form unendlicher Reihen von Gaußschen Exponentialfunktionen oder damit verwandter Funktionen (z.B. Fehlerfunktionen). Diese zweite Form der Lösungen läßt sich durch die Anwendung unendlich oft wiederholter Spiegelung zur Erfüllung der Rand- und Anfangsbedingung anschaulich interpretieren. Abschließend werden die beiden Lösungstypen mit Hilfe von -Funktionen und deren Transformationseigenschaften erläutert. Die Verfügbarkeit der Lösungen in beiden Formen ist auch numerisch sehr interessant.

     

Performance Analysis of Breast Cancer Detection Method Using ANFIS Classification Approach

Breast cancer is one of the deadly diseases prevailing in women. Earlier detection and diagnosis might prevent the death rate. Effective diagnosis of breast cancer remains a significant challenge, and early diagnosis is essential to avoid the most severe manifestations of the disease. The existing systems have computational complexity and classification accuracy problems over various breast cancer databases. In order to overcome the above-mentioned issues, this work introduces an efficient classification and segmentation process. Hence, there is a requirement for developing a fully automatic methodology for screening the cancer regions. This paper develops a fully automated method for breast cancer detection and segmentation utilizing Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) classification technique. This proposed technique comprises preprocessing, feature extraction, classifications, and segmentation stages. Here, the wavelet-based enhancement method has been employed as the preprocessing method. The texture and statistical features have been extracted from the enhanced image. Then, the ANFIS classification algorithm is used to classify the mammogram image into normal, benign, and malignant cases. Then, morphological processing is performed on malignant mammogram images to segment cancer regions. Performance analysis and comparisons are made with conventional methods. The experimental result proves that the proposed ANFIS algorithm provides better classification performance in terms of higher accuracy than the existing algorithms.     

An Automated Brain Image Analysis System for Brain Cancer using Shearlets

In this paper, an Automated Brain Image Analysis (ABIA) system that classifies the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of human brain is presented. The classification of MRI images into normal or low grade or high grade plays a vital role for the early diagnosis. The Non-Subsampled Shearlet Transform (NSST) that captures more visual information than conventional wavelet transforms is employed for feature extraction. As the feature space of NSST is very high, a statistical t-test is applied to select the dominant directional sub-bands at each level of NSST decomposition based on sub-band energies. A combination of features that includes Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) based features, Histograms of Positive Shearlet Coefficients (HPSC), and Histograms of Negative Shearlet Coefficients (HNSC) are estimated. The combined feature set is utilized in the classification phase where a hybrid approach is designed with three classifiers; k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. The output of individual trained classifiers for a testing input is hybridized to take a final decision. The quantitative results of ABIA system on Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) database show the overall improved performance in comparison with a single classifier model with accuracy of 99% for normal/abnormal classification and 98% for low and high risk classification.     

The Multimeter at the Nanoscale

A multi‐tip scanning tunneling microscope (STM) specifically designed for charge transport measurements at the nanoscale is described. Complementing the instrument with a versatile measurement electronics creates a powerful tool to give insight into fundamental transport properties at the nanoscale. We demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument by measuring resistance profiles along freestanding GaAs nanowires, by the acquisition of nanoscale potential maps, and by the identification of an anisotropy in the surface conductivity at a silicon surface.     

Protecting and preserving clear barrier layers for flexible packaging materials In‐line thermal evaporation of organic topcoat layer

The end market for transparent flexible barrier films is larger than for metallized films. Presently, the market is still dominated by polymeric barrier layers but the used chemicals may be harmful for the environment. An alternative would be transparent thin layers deposited by vacuum deposition techniques using reactive processes. Ceramic materials like silicon oxide or aluminum oxide are used having a film thickness of just ～10 nm, a coating uniformity of +/?5% across and along the film at a barrier performance below 2.0 sccm/m²d for oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and below 1.0 g/m²d for water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) on PET substrates. In this paper, details will be provided about the deposition processes for these barrier layers using thermal evaporation, plasma‐assisted thermal evaporation as well as deposition by electron beam evaporation. An important factor for these high barrier transparent coatings is also to withstand the downstream processes in the whole packaging stream like slitting, lamination, printing etc. One solution is to protect the barrier layers by a Topcoat. For example, off‐line deposition of lacquers is used in field but the market penetration is low due to high process and material costs. An in‐situ Topcoat deposition is a smart solution to overcome this issue saving time and costs. Such an approach will be also described in the presentation and the impact on the performance of the final package will be discussed.     

Kältemittel‐Schnüffler

Testing refrigerant sniffers The technical generation of coldness is typically done by machines based on a closed thermodynamic process using a refrigerant. As refrigerants usually halogenated hydrocarbons are used since these have good thermodynamic properties. Unfortunately, the halogens are harmful to the environment: They destroy the ozone layer. Therefore, the machines must be tight and must not loose the refrigerant. To check a machine for leakage, mobile leak sniffers are available which can be reliably and quantitatively controlled by test leaks.     

Rotational Spectra of the Isotopic Species of Chloroform: Experimental and Ab Initio Structures

The millimeter-wave spectra of three different samples of chloroform (CHCl3, CDCl3, and 13CHCl3) have been measured between 145 and 470 GHz which corresponds to J values between 22 and 70. We report accurate rotational and centrifugal distortion constants for the ground vibrational states of 11 isotopic species. The experimental ro, rs, rIepsilon, rrhom, and rz structures have been determined using the determined rotational constants. The structure has also been calculated ab initio at the SCF, MP2, RQCISD, and B3LYP levels using triple zeta polarized basis sets. The experimental results are found in excellent agreement with the ab initio predictions. An approximate equilibrium structure has been obtained by combining the experimental results and the ab initio calculations: re(C-H) = 1.080 (2) ?, re(C-Cl) = 1.760 (2) ?, and anglee(HCCl) = 108.23 (2) degrees. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.