Obtaining condensed milk from a mixture of hydrosoluble extract of soybean powder and cow's milk]

Three formulations of mix concentrated milk with hydrosolubles extract of soybean powder and cow's milk were prepared. The products were condensed up to 31% and 33.65% of solids in a vacuum evaporator at temperature of 45 degrees and 58 degrees C with a vacuum pressure of 540 mmHg. The products obtained were compared with standard concentrated milk through sensory evaluation showing satisfactory characteristics.     

Boundary scan test,test methodology,and fault modeling

The test technique called boundary scan test (BST) offers new opportunities in testing but confronts users with new problems too. The implementation of BST in a chip has become an IEEE standard and users on board level are the next group to begin thinking about using the new possibilities. This article addresses some of the questions about changes in board-level testing and fault diagnosis. The fault model itself is also affected by using BST. Trivial items are extended with more sophisticated details in order to complete the fault model. Finally, BST appears to be a test technique that offers a high degree of detectability on board level, but for diagnosis, some additional effort has to be made.     

The corrosion of mild steel in simulated SO2 containing atmospheres

Electrochemical tests were carried out on steel/steel multi-laminar cells under thin layers of sulphate solution simulating atmospheres with contents of 20, 50 and 75 μg m⁻³ of SO₂ and a relative humidity of 85%. Measurements of the current flowing between the two electrodes of the cell vs drying time and impedance measurements for different times were taken. Potentiodynamic cathodic polarization plots were also obtained for one concentration of contaminant at various drying times using three electrode multi-laminar cells. The results showed that the multi-laminar cells allowed the drying process of the thin electrolyte films to be followed. The use of electrochemical techniques gave information on the kinetics and mechanism of the corrosion process occurring during the drying period. Initially the process is controlled by oxygen diffusion through the liquid film, but for longer periods the control changes to the anodic reaction.     

Characterizing peers communities and dynamics in a P2P live streaming system

Despite the large number of works devoted to understand P2P live streaming applications, most of them put forth so far rely on characterizing the static view of these systems. In this work, we characterize the SopCast, one of the most important P2P live streaming applications. We focus on its dynamics behavior as well as on the community formation phenomena. Our results show that SopCast presents a low overlay topology diameter and low end-to-end shortest path. In fact, diameter is smaller than 6 hops in almost 90 % of the observation time. More than 96 % of peers’ end-to-end connections present only 3 hops. These values combined may lead to low latencies and a fast streaming diffusion. Second, we show that communities in SopCast are well defined by the streaming data exchange process. Moreover, the SopCast protocol does not group peers according to their Autonomous System. In fact, the probability that a community contains 50 % of its members belonging to the same AS (when we observe the largest AS of our experiments) is lower then 10 %. Peers exchange more data with partners belonging to the same community instead of peers inside the same AS. For the largest AS we have, less than 18 % of peer traffic has been exchanged with another AS partners. Finally, our analysis provides important information to support the future design of more efficient P2P live streaming systems and new protocols that exploit communities’ relationships.     

Real filter based on Mellin radial harmonics for scale-invariant pattern recognition

Several theoretical and experimental studies are developed in order to simplify the construction of filters based on Mellin radial harmonics (MRH) for scale-invariant pattern recognition. A real filter based on MRH is designed. The impulse response of the filter is a hermitic function, obtained by a suitable modification of a MRH component. This real filter has the same scale invariance as the conventional complex MRH filters, with the main advantage of its simplicity. Both computer simulations and optical experiments are presented.     

Color encoding for polychromatic single-channel optical pattern recognition

The common multichannel system for recognizing colored images is replaced by a color-encoded single-channel system. Amethod inspired by the Munsell color system is used for encoding the different colors as phase and amplitude functions. It is shown that for many practical cases the phase information part of the color code is sufficient for obtaining good results. An implementation based on a liquid-crystal television panel that works in a phase-modulation mode is suggested. Computer simulations that demonstrate the capabilities of the suggested method are given as well as a comparison with previously published multichannel performance.     

Design Optimization of Composite Prosthetic Tubes Using GA-ANN Algorithm Considering Tsai-Wu Failure Criteria

The investigation of possible failures in composite materials is a matter of very great importance, and the Tsai-Wu criterion is an effective criterion for analyzing those flaws in anisotropic materials and defining whether the material at a given load will or will not suffer structural failure. In this study, an optimization procedure is proposed to minimize the maximum value of Tsai-Wu of laminated composite tubes subject to axial loading. Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are chosen as optimization tools. The results of this study show that the developed algorithm converges faster. Then, the maximum Tsai-Wu value is used as the objective function and the fiber orientations are the constraints in the optimization process. The results yielded by them are compared and discussed. Optimal results are compared with respect to the usual initial design. The design approach is recommended for structures where composites are the key load-carrying members such as orthopedic prosthesis.     

A generalized layerwise higher-order shear deformation theory for laminated composite and sandwich plates based on isogeometric analysis

This paper presents a generalized layerwise higher-order shear deformation theory for laminated composite and sandwich plates. We exploit a higher-order shear deformation theory in each layer such that the continuity of the displacement and transverse shear stresses at the layer interfaces is ensured. Thanks for enforcing the continuity of the displacement and transverse shear stresses at an inner-laminar layer, the minimum number of variables is retained from the present theory in comparison with other layerwise theories. The method requires only five variables, the same as what obtained from the first- and higher-order shear deformation theories. In comparison with the shear deformation theories based on the equivalent single layer, the present theory is capable of producing a higher accuracy for inner-laminar layer shear stresses. The free boundary conditions of transverse shear stresses at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate are fulfilled without any shear correction factors. The discrete system equations are derived from the Galerkin weak form, and the solution is obtained by isogeometric analysis (IGA). The discrete form requires the C¹ continuity of the transverse displacement, and hence NURBS basis functions in IGA naturally ensure this condition. The laminated composite and sandwich plates with various geometries, aspect ratios, stiffness ratios and boundary conditions are studied. The obtained results are compared with the 3D elasticity solution, the analytical as well as numerical solutions based on various plate theories.     

Engineered Multifunctional Albumin‐Decorated Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for FcRn Translocation of Insulin

The last decade has seen remarkable advances in the development of drug delivery systems as alternative to parenteral injection‐based delivery of insulin. Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)‐mediated transcytosis has been recently proposed as a strategy to increase the transport of drugs across the intestinal epithelium. FcRn‐targeted nanoparticles (NPs) could hijack the FcRn transcytotic pathway and cross the epithelial cell layer. In this study, a novel nanoparticulate system for insulin delivery based on porous silicon NPs is proposed. After surface conjugation with albumin and loading with insulin, the NPs are encapsulated into a pH‐responsive polymeric particle by nanoprecipitation. The developed NP formulation shows controlled size and homogeneous size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show successful encapsulation of the NPs into pH‐sensitive polymeric particles. No insulin release is detected at acidic conditions, but a controlled release profile is observed at intestinal pH. Toxicity studies show high compatibility of the NPs with intestinal cells. In vitro insulin permeation across the intestinal epithelium shows approximately fivefold increase when insulin is loaded into FcRn‐targeted NPs. Overall, these FcRn‐targeted NPs offer a toolbox in the development of targeted therapies for oral delivery of insulin.