Immunsuppressiva-Antigen-Konjugate. VIII. Darstellung von 6-Mercaptopurin-Protein-Konjugaten nach dem Azid-Verfahren

Immunosuppressant-Antigen Conjugates. VIII. Preparation of 6-Thiopurine-Protein Conjugates by the Azide Method 6-Carboxymethyl-thiopurine was coupled with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum globuline in the presence of a water soluble carbodiimide. Under these conditions, reaction of HSA with the carbodiimide led to electrophoretically detectable changes. Therefore, further conjugates were prepared by the azide method. The used azides, N-(6-benzylthiopurin- and 6-methylthiopurin-9-yl)-acetyl azide, were obtained from the hydrazides. The prepared conjugates contained upto 4.2% thiopurine, determined by spectrophotometry. It was not possible to obtain an azide from purinyl-(6)-thioacethydrazide.     

Fracture Toughness and Thermal Shock Behavior of Silicon Nitride–Boron Nitride Ceramics

Fracture toughness behavior, stress–strain behavior, and flaw resistance of pressureless-sintered Si₃N₄-BN ceramics are investigated. The results are discussed with respect to the reported thermal shock behavior of these composites. Although the materials behave linear-elastic and exhibit no R -curve behavior, their flaw resistance is different from that of other linear-elastic materials. Whereas the critical thermal shock temperature difference (Δ T _c) is enhanced by adding BN, the content of BN has no influence on the strength loss during severe thermal shocks.     

Modelling of a pressure swing adsorption process for oxygen enrichment with carbon molecular sieve

Adsorptive separation of oxygen from nitrogen and argon is carried out during the desorption steps of a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process which uses carbon molecular sieves developed by Bergbau-Forschung GmbH. The adsorption isotherms of the three main components of air are very similar. On account of the pore size distribution of CMSN2, the diffusion coefficient of oxygen is more than eight times those of nitrogen and argon so that air separation occurs by adsorption kinetics. Experimental results for the individual steps and cyclic operation of the PSA process are presented and compared with the predictions of an isothermal plug-flow model. Adsorption rate is represented by a linear driving force equation. If the diffusion coefficients are adapted separately to every step, a good agreement is observed between the model calculations and experimental results.     

Predictability of the Mechanical Properties of Inclusion-Containing Ceramics

The incorporation of inclusions into a brittle matrix can change its properties significantly. The quantitative change of strength, toughness, and retained strength after severe thermal shock and Vickers indentation damage in so-called "duplex ceramics" can be reasonably well predicted by relating these properties to the empirically derived internal stress-intensity factor K ₁. In the present paper the relationship between K ₁ and three other recently measured properties—flaw resistance behavior, K _R-curve behavior, and Stress–Strain behavior—is investigated. In addition, the strength-degrading influence of pressurized inclusions observed in "duplex ceramics" is compared to the strength reduction and enhancement reported by other authors for composites containing a glass matrix and glass and alumina inclusions. An attempt is made to identify the important parameters which control the strength development in duplex structures.     

Durchmischung in einem Kaskaden-reaktor im Hinblick auf die Entkohlung von Fe–C-Schmelzen

Der Strömungsverlauf innerhalb des Reaktorbades muß in Längsrichtung eine geringe Rückvermischung mit einheitlichen Aufenthaltszeiten des Reaktorgutes aufweisen. In den Reaktorquerrichtungen soll eine möglichst hohe Durchmischung für einen intensiven Stofftransport an den Reaktionsort sorgen. Das Ziel gleichmäßiger Verweilzeiten in axialer Richtung wird recht gut durch den Reaktortyp ?Kaskade“ erreicht, in dem der Strömungsverlauf aufgrund der baulichen Form bereits vorgeprägt ist. Zur Sicherung eines Kohlenstofftransportes in der vertikalen zweiten Dimension stellen sich eine kleine Badhöhe und ein großer Badvolumenstrom heraus. Die hierbei günstige Durchmischung innerhalb der einzelnen Kaskadenstufen verschlechtert nicht die Rückvermischungsbedingungen in der Gesamtkaskade, sofern eine genügend hohe Stufenzahl von etwa n = 8 gewählt wird. Die Blasbedingungen haben zwar einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf den Ablauf des Stoffumsatzes, sind für die rein mechanische Durchmischung innerhalb des Reaktorbades aber nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung.     

Displacement dependent pressure loads in nonlinear finite element analyses

Often pressure loading is falsely identified as a nonconservative load leading automatically to nonsymmetric load stiffness matrices. The present paper discusses in detail the conditions when a pressure load is conservative and when it is not. The essential part is a clear classification of the load definition. Here either body attached or space attached loads are considered. The load stiffness matrices are derived for a pressure loaded curved surface in space. Several numerical examples are given; among these are linear and nonlinear buckling analyses of beams, rings and shells.     

AC Susceptibility and Upper Critical Fields in Rb3C60

The ac susceptibility of a phase-pure Rb₃C₆₀ sample has been investigated in dc magnetic fields up to 14 T. The upper critical fields show a significant positive curvature near T_c indicating a local pairing mechanism.     

Grain structure of bainitic and martensitic steels

In contrast to austenitic and ferritic microstructures, in the case of bainite and martensite the identification of that structural unit representing a grain is less straightforward. There is a general agreement in the literature that the γ → α-transformation follows the Kurdjumow-Sachs relationship (KSR). For the complex microstructures resulting, however, the investigations include practically exclusively lath-type structures. These relatively simple structures may be described as follows. Within the original austenite grain there are several lath packets with only a few variants of the KSR occuring within one bainite or martensite packet. Opinions diverge with regard to the relative orientations within a packet and thus the type of grain boundaries occurring. Most authors, however, agree that a micro-structural unit – such as the grain in the ferrite structure – which determines both the yield strength and toughness properties, does not exist in lath-type structures, and that the yield strength mainly depends on the lath dimensions. The toughness properties, especially the transition temperature, are governed by the packet size, and possibly by the width of the co-variant packet.