A comparison of client and counselor expectancies regarding the duration of counseling.

Asked 594 college students seeking counseling at a university counseling center to indicate duration expectancies in the form of estimates of the number of sessions needed to resolve the problem(s) they were presenting. Following the initial interview, 40 counselors who saw the clients gave their own duration expectancies for 434 of the clients. The results of a comparison of estimates showed that clients consistently gave significantly lower mean estimates than counselors. No significant correlations were obtained between client or counselor duration expectancies and the number of weeks remaining in the school term or year. Clients with career development concerns and counselors of clients with these concerns gave the smallest mean estimates. Large mean and modal discrepancies occurred between client and counselor estimates for personal/social problems. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The infrared spectra of mono-, di-, and triglycerides

Summary The infrared spectra from 2 to 12 microns of chloroform ( solutions of several glycerides have been measured and studied with a view to possible analytical applications. These spectra are presented, and conclusions which can be obtained from their examination are reported in this paper. The principal bands, common to the spectra of all glycerides, have been tabulated with correlations of the vibrating groups which give rise to them. The analytical significance of the infrared spectra is considered in detail for three specific regions: a) the O−H stretching vibration region, about 3.0 microus; b) the C−O stretching vibration region, about 9.0 microns; and c) the 10.0-micron region of C−H bending, about the C=C group. Analyses of these regions of the spectra indicate that infrared absorption can be used to detect and to determine mono-, di, and triglycerides in admixtures and that the method for the determination of transisomers can, with modifications, be extended to include analysis of triglycerides. Presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, San Antonio, Tex., April 11–14, 1954. One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate. Their preparation and determination by infrared spectroscopy

Summary Improved methods for the preparation of ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate are described. The methods depend upon the elaidinization of methyl ricinoleate with a relatively small quantity of a nitrite-nitric acid solution, fractional crystallization of the methyl ricinelaidate, and its subsequent hydrolysis to ricinelaidic acid. The infrared spectra of these two compounds are presented, and bands arising from a deformation of the C−H about thetrans C=C group are discussed. Absorptivity values for this band in chlorform and in carbon disulfide solutions are given as additional criteria of purity of ricinelaidic acid and its methyl ester. The infrared absorption procedure for the quantitative determination of isolatedtrans ethylenic bond was applied to the determination of both ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate. Details of specific procedures for the determination of each compound are given with the equations necessary for their calculation. Use of these methods is illustrated with the analysis of elaidinization mixtures. The repeatability and accuracy obtaineble are given. A value is reported for the methyl ricinoleate—methyl ricinelaidate equilibrium and the mechanism of the reaction is discussed briefly. One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Sediment‐bound nutrient export from five small reservoir catchments and its implications for the Sudan savanna zone of Ghana

A study was carried out in the Sudan savanna zone in the Upper East Region of Ghana to assess the rate of sediment‐bound nutrient export (NE) into five small reservoirs (Dua, Doba, Zebilla, Kumpalgogo and Bugri) and to analyse the implications of this export. The catchment soils and reservoir sediments from the various study sites were sampled and analysed for their bulk density, particle size distribution and nutrient content. Assessment of the nutrient concentrations indicated that the reservoir sediments were richer not only in nutrients and organic carbon, but also in clay and silt, than the catchment soils, having enrichment ratios >1. Nutrient export rates (NE; kg ha^?1 year^?1) from the reservoir catchments ranged from 0.755 (±0.264) for OC, 0.104 (±0.0245) for N, 0.0020 (±0.0003) for P, 0.016 (±0.0038) for K, 0.009 (±0.0024) for Na, 0.113 (±0.017) for Ca and 0.027 (±0.0093) for Mg. These rates were lower than those of other studies, likely due to the low nutrient content in the catchment soils. The relationships established between NE and specific sediment yield (SSY) indicated the NE was positively correlated with SSY (R² = 0.66–0.98). The derived empirical equations can be satisfactorily used to predict the quantity of sediment‐bound plant nutrients lost from similar catchments and subsequently stored in the reservoir sediments. The study results also suggest the need for sustainable land management practices to forestall erosion in the catchment areas and to reduce reservoir sedimentation, for enhancement of the livelihoods of the communities in the study area.     

Modification of vegetable oils. XI. The formation of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of methyl oleate and triolein

Summary 1. During the hydrogenation of methyl oleate, trans isomers are formed at a very rapid rate. As much as 38% of trans isomers formed while the first 10% of methyl stearte was formed. 2. The rate of formation of trans isomers in methyl oleate undergoing hydrogenation is increased by increasing the temperature, increasing the catalyst concentration, and decreasing the degree of dispersion of the hydrogen. 3. The hydrogenation of methyl oleate always resulted in the establishment of an equilibrium between cis and trans isomers, and irrespective of the conditions employed the concentration of trans isomers was always 67%, calculated on the basis of total unsaturated constituents. 4. It is concluded that all of the iso-oleic acids formed during the hydrogenation of methyl oleate adsorb hydrogen at the same rate as oleic acid and are adsorbed and desorbed from the nickel catalyst with equal ease. 5. Trans isomers are formed at a slightly lower rate during the hydrogenation of triolein than in the case of methyl oleate. 6. Partial hydrogenation of triolein also results in the establishment of an equilibrium between cis and trans isomers of oleic acid but at values of less than 67% of trans constituents (based on the total unsaturated constituents) observed with methyl oleate. The equilibrium concentration was found to vary with the conditions of hydrogenation and was found to be 62% at 200°C. and 57% at 175°C. Report of study made under the Research and Marketing Act of 1946. Presented at the 24th Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, San Francisco, Calif., Sept. 26–28, 1950. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

The tannin and related pigments in the red skins (Testa) of peanut kernels

Summary The red skins of peanut kernels contain a catecholtype tannin. The purified tannin represented about 7% of the weight of the skins. Much smaller quantities of phlobaphene and so-called “leuco-anthocyanic chromogen” were isolated from the skins. Some evidence of the presence of traces of a flavonic-type pigment was obtained. Spectrophotometric investigations of the isolated tannin, phlobaphene, and “leuco-anthocyanic chromogen” indicated a close relationship of the three pigments. The tannin gave a water-soluble red pigment when refluxed with alcoholic hydrochloric acid. This pigment exhibited certain properties which are indicative of an oxonium-type structure. The elementary analyses and certain properties of the isolated tannin and related pigments were considerably different from those reported by previous investigators. The amorphous nature of these substances makes chemical investigation difficult. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Influence of uniaxial compression on the shape memory behavior of vitrimer composite embedded with tension-programmed unidirectional shape memory polymer fibers

Tension programmed shape memory polymer (SMP) fibers have been used as sutures for closing wide-opened cracks per the close-then-heal strategy. However, the composite may be subjected to compression loading during service. These compression loads can reduce the amount of recoverable strain in these pre-tensioned fibers, limiting their ability to close cracks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of in-service compression loading on the shape memory effect (SME) of composites consisting of SMP fiber and SMP matrix. To this end, pre-stretched shape memory Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fibers were embedded into a shape memory vitrimer to obtain composite samples with different fiber volume fractions. The SME of both the PET fiber and the vitrimer was investigated. The effect of compression load on the SME of the composite was studied. It is found that, uniaxial compression on the composite along the fiber direction significantly reduced the shrinking ability of the embedded pre-tensioned SMP fibers. Hence, this is a factor that needs to be considered when designing such types of self-healing composites.     

Quantification of the Interaction Field in Arrays of Magnetic Nanowires from the Remanence Curves

A method is presented that allows quantifying the average value of the interaction field in arrays of magnetic nanowires from the field difference between the isothermal remanence (IRM) and the DC demagnetizing (DCD) remanence curves when the normalized magnetization is equal to one third. Arrays of magnetic nanowires of different diameters and packing fractions are used to experimentally test the method. The results have been compared with those obtained using the method based on the difference between the remanence coercivity fields and with a mean-field expression for the interaction field, providing a very good agreement and thus validating the method. Additionally, it is shown that both the position (m₀) and the shift along the magnetization axis of the intersection between the remanence curves with respect to the value of one third (δm = m₀ ??1/3) provide qualitative information about the interaction field. The former indicates the type of interaction depending if the intersection is above (m₀ >?1/3) or below (m₀ <?1/3), which corresponds to a ferro or anti-ferro magnetic interaction, respectively. While for the latter, it is shown that the maximum deviation of the Delta-M plot from zero (ΔM_max) corresponds to three times the shift (ΔM_max =?3δm).     

Cost-competitiveness of distributed grid-connected solar photovoltaics in Ghana: case study of a 4 kWp polycrystalline system

Driven by improvements in solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, policy initiatives and module cost reduction, electricity from solar PV is becoming increasingly cost-competitive with conventional energy systems. In this paper, an economic assessment is conducted on a 4.05 kWp, polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic system installed at the College of Engineering of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, located at latitude 6°40′N and longitude 1°37′W, and elevation of 250 m, with a hot and humid climatic condition. The concept of grid-parity, which compares the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from solar PV to the retail price of electricity is used in this assessment. The results show, that, at installed cost of €3567/kW and an LCOE of €0.28/kWh, the non-residential category of electricity consumers requires investment support/subsidy of up to 22.9% to achieve parity. Solar PV is already competitive for non-residential customers consuming above 600 kWh in a month, without any support. Residential electricity consumers require investment support of 40.6–92.5% to attain parity with grid electricity, while special load tariff customers (> 100 kVA maximum demand) require between 4 and 50.5% subsidy on capital investment to reach parity. This paper concludes by recommending a two-pronged approach (incentive- and legislation-based) for promoting distributed grid-connected solar PV energy system in Ghana.