Effective diffusion constant and adsorption constant of synthesized alumina,zirconia, and alumina–zirconia composite material

In this study, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ composite materials were prepared with the sol–gel technique. X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, nitrogen adsorption isotherm measurements, and helium pycnometry were used to characterize the resultant materials. Effective diffusion coefficients of helium and hydrogen and the adsorption equilibrium constant of hydrogen in the resultant materials were determined using single-pellet moment technique. The effective diffusivities of helium and hydrogen in both ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ composite pellets were found to be smaller than the value found for Al₂O_3, due to the lower tortuosity factor values of the Al₂O₃ pellet. It was found that hydrogen was weakly adsorbed on all resultant materials.     

Variable-Field Hall Effect Analysis of HgCdTe Epilayers with Very Low Doping Density

Ultra-low-doped mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe, or MCT) is of significant interest for infrared detectors designed to suppress Auger recombination. Measurement of low doping levels in multi-layered structures is difficult with traditional 4-point Hall effect measurements. Multi-layered Hg_.79Cd_.21Te samples were analyzed using variable magnetic field Hall effect measurements and a multi-carrier fitting procedure. The measurements resolve two distinct carrier species corresponding to surface and/or buffer layer conduction and conduction through the primary low-doped material. High-quality electronic transport is achieved, including the demonstration of an epitaxial layer (x = 0.2195) with n = 1.09 × 10¹⁴ cm^?3 and μ = 275,000 cm²/Vs at 77 K. This technique shows promise as a way to analyze layers with significantly lower doping, and a starting point to understand and advance the development of HgCdTe epilayers with very low doping concentration.     

Use of binary and ternary blends in high strength concrete

Combinations of cement additions may provide more benefits for concrete than a single one. In this study, 80 high strength concretes containing several types and amounts of additions were produced. In the first stage, silica fume contents in binary blends that give the highest strengths were determined for different binder contents. In the second stage, a third binder (Class F or Class C fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag) was introduced to the concretes already containing Portland cement and silica fume in the amounts found in the first stage. Results indicated that ternary blends almost always made it possible to obtain higher strengths than Portland cement + silica fume binary mixtures provided that the replacement level by the additions was chosen properly. Moreover, the performance of slag in the ternary blends was better than Class F fly ash but worse than Class C fly ash.     

Leaching behavior of chromium in chrome shaving generated in tanning process and its stabilization

In this study, leaching properties and pollution potential of chromium in chrome shaving (CS), which is a solid residue of leather industry, containing 2.27% Cr were investigated and thermal stabilization procedure was applied to the CS for chromium immobilization. For this purpose, firstly, effects of the liquid/solid ratio, contact time, pH and sequential extraction on the leaching behavior of chromium in the CS were studied. It was determined that the CS-caused chromium pollution is a hazardous material for environment. Thermal stabilization procedure was applied to the CS in the temperature range of 250-500 degrees C for the chromium immobilization. Effective stabilization of chromium in the CS was achieved by heating of CS at 350 degrees C under CO(2) atmosphere. Leaching experiments were also carried out with the samples obtained from the stabilization process and the results compared with that of the CS. Also, TCLP test method was applied to the samples to determine pollution potentials and discharge situations of the CS and its stabilization products. While the chromium concentrations in the test solutions of all samples stabilized thermally at above 350 degrees C were below the USEPA regulatory limit of 5 mg/l, the concentration of chromium leached out from the CS was 30-fold bigger than the USEPA regulatory limit.     

Effect of Al2O3 Additions on the Thermal Expansion Behavior of a Li2O-ZnO-SiO2 Glass-Ceramic

The effect of Al₂O₃ substitution on the thermal expansion behavior of a Li₂O-ZnO-SiO₂ glass-ceramic was investigated using differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and dilatometry. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the original Al₂O₃-free glass-ceramic measured between 20° and 900°C decreased from 12.4 × 10^-6°C^-1 to 6.3 × 10^-6°C^-1 with Al₂O₃ substitution for ZnO up to 11 wt%. The results were correlated to the changes in the phase assemblage with Al₂O₃ addition.     

Interactions between milk proteins and polyphenols: Binding mechanisms,related changes,and the future trends in the dairy industry

The biological activity and techno-functional properties of phenolic compounds have gained great importance due to the epidemiologically-proved health benefits. Use of polyphenols as fortification agents for functional food production and nanotechnological approaches using natural vehicles for polyphenol delivery have been recently discussed. In this respect, milk proteins and dairy products represent unique characteristics for polyphenol studies. The conflicting results on the functionality of polyphenols interacting with milk proteins either in model systems or in complex dairy matrices reveal the need for future studies.     

Fatigue damage in composite cylinders

In this study, optimal angle‐ply orientation of symmetric composite cylinders under fatigue loading is investigated. The fiber‐reinforced plastic cylinders were manufactured from E‐glass/epoxy. The layers were manufactured symmetrically in [±75°]₂, [±60°]₂, [±55°]₂, and [±45°]₂ orientations. Burst pressure of filament‐wound composite cylinders under alternating pure internal pressure was measured experimentally. Internal fatigue pressure testing method was applied to the composite cylinders in close‐ended condition. For this study, a PLC controlled hydraulic pressure testing machine has been employed. The static burst pressure values of specimens were measured; subsequently, fatigue test pressure was applied in 70, 60, and 50% stress levels of burst pressure for each orientation. Damage propagations of the composite cylinders on these stress levels were observed as whitening, leakage, and final failure for [±60°]₂, [±55°]₂, and orientations. When the damage propagation of [±75°]₂ angle‐ply cylinder was observed, whitening and leakage did not occur and final failure occurred suddenly. Stress‐cycle curves obtained from the tests are given in graphics. Experimental results reveal that variation in stress levels and the winding angles have considerable effects on final failure cycles, which is also presented graphically. The optimum winding angle for the composite pressure cylinders or vessels under internal fatigue pressure load was obtained as [±45°]₂ orientation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Analysis of dragline cycle time components

This paper focuses on the breakdown of dragline cycle time. A 15-year old dragline deployed for casting the interburden and extracting the coal seam immediately beneath is monitored for a period of 45 days. The following operational modes are sampled: key-cutting, main-cutting, chopping and coal extraction. Data are handled regarding the parameters which have influence on particular stages of a cycle. It has been revealed that bucket loading is influenced by dimensions and geometry of the excavation face, material diggability, spatial position of ground penetration point and operator preference. Dumping phase appears to be affected by bucket fill factor and operator preference. Loaded and empty swing times are positively correlated with associated swing angles. Angular velocity of draglines is low at swing angles of up to 60 degrees. Loaded swing phases appear to be operator-dependent. Bucket repositioning phase is affected by geometry of the excavation area and the position of bucket penetration point. It is independent from the operator preferences.