Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Mirror Carp,Cyprinus Carpio,in Orenler Dam Lake,Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

The seasonal variations of fatty acids compositions in the muscle, liver, and ovarian tissues of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) living in Örenler Dam Lake were determined by using gas chromatography. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analyses by employing SPSS software and p < 0.05 was accepted as significant value. In the statistical analyses, multiple comparisons tests were performed. The results showed that monounsaturated fatty acids levels were found to be higher than that of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in all seasons. Palmitic and stearic acid levels were the highest in ovaries (19.95% in winter and 7.79% in summer, respectively). Oleic and palmitoleic levels were at the highest levels in liver tissues (34.53% in summer and 18.37% in winter, respectively). Docosahexaenoic (C22:6ω3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5ω3, EPA), eicosatrienoic acid, and arachidonic (C20:4ω6, AA) levels were at the highest level as 17.27, 2.54, and 8.41% in ovaries in the winter and 6.37% in muscle tissues in the spring, respectively. ω3/ω6 ratios were 0.62–0.98 in muscle, 1.54–2.82 in the liver, and 2.82–3.89 in the ovaries. From the point of total fatty acid variations, the highest variations were observed as follows: muscle in spring (26.73%), liver in winter (33.85%), and ovaries in winter 36.38%.     

Synthesis and application of a new functionalized resin for use in an on-line,solid phase extraction system for the determination of trace elements in waters and reference cereal materials by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

The synthesis and characterization of the resin Amberlite XAD-4 functionalized with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde and its application in an on-line system for the preconcentration of cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead and manganese prior to determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is proposed. Metal ions retained on the modified resin were eluted using 1.0 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ solution and aspirated directly to the nebulizer–burner system of a FAAS instrument using a flow injection system. Detection limits (3σ) were determined to be 0.13 μg L⁻¹ for Cd, 0.29 μg L⁻¹ for Cu, 0.23 μg L⁻¹ for Mn, 0.58 μg L⁻¹ for Co and 2.19 μg L⁻¹ for Pb using a 10 mL of water sample loading volume. The limits of detection would be 100 times higher with units of μg kg⁻¹ for the solid samples in which their dilution ratios as (volume/weight) were 100. Enrichment factors ranged from 23.6 to 28.9 (for Co and Mn, respectively). The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of the analytes in natural water samples and certified reference materials.     

Constituents,Oxidant-Antioxidant Profile,and Antimicrobial Capacity of the Essential Oil Obtained from Ferulago Sandrasica Peşmen and Quézel

Chemical constituents, total phenolic content, total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, lipid hydroperoxides, total free –SH levels, and antimicrobial activity of essential oil obtained from the Ferulago sandrasica (Umbelliferae) were investigated. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The main components of the essential oil were ocimene (30.5%), carene-δ-3 (27.4%), and α-pinene (17.8). The antimicrobial activity was tested by a disc diffusion method against E. coli MC 400, E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli 0157 H7, E. colaecea ATCC 23355, E. feacalis ATCC 19433, P. aeruginosa NRRL B-2679, S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. nischenoformis NRRL B-1001, S. aureus ATCC 33862, B. cereus NRRL B-3711, B. subtilis NRRL B-209, M. luteus NRRL B-1013, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, B. subtulis ATCC 6633.     

Benders Decomposition Algorithms for Two Variants of the Single Allocation Hub Location Problem

Networks and Spatial Economics - The hub location problem (HLP) is a special type of the facility location problem with numerous applications in the airline industry, postal services, and computer...     

Passenger Flow Prediction Based on Newly Adopted Algorithms

Passenger flow forecasting is an essential part of transportation systems. Neural networks in the transportation field have been applied to passenger demand prediction. In this paper, we developed two hybrid methods, known as parlimentary optimization algorithm-artificial neural network (POA-ANN), and intelligent water drops algorithm-ANN (IWD algorithm-ANN). In addition, we applied the proposed algorithms to illustrate the effect of precise prediction for passenger queues. We mainly focus on predicting passenger demand by comparing the genetic algorithm-ANN (GA-ANN) with POA-ANN and IWD-ANN. The results of prediction methods suggest that both POA-ANN and IWD-ANN provide a better forecasting performance, which is obtained via mean square error (MSE), than GA-ANN in the field of passenger flow prediction. This study illustrates that the newly adopted algorithms exhibit good performance for passenger prediction.     

Alanine containing porous beads for mercury removal from artificial solutions

N‐methacryloyl‐(L )‐alanine (MALA) was synthesized by using methacryloyl chloride and alanine as a metal‐complexing ligand or comonomer. Spherical beads with an average diameter of 150–200 μm were obtained by suspension polymerization of MALA and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) conducted in an aqueous dispersion medium. Poly(HEMA–MALA) beads were characterized by SEM, swelling studies, surface area measurement, and elemental analysis. Poly(HEMA–MALA) beads have a specific surface area of 68.5 m²/g. Poly(HEMA–MALA) beads with a swelling ratio of 63%, and containing 247 μmol MALA/g were used in the removal of Hg²⁺ from aqueous solutions. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in about 60 min. The adsorption of Hg²⁺ ions onto PHEMA beads was negligible (0.3 mg/g). The MALA incorporation into the polymer structure significantly increased the mercury adsorption capacity (168 mg/g). Adsorption capacity of MALA containing beads increased significantly with pH. The adsorption of Hg²⁺ ions increased with increasing pH and reached a plateau value at around pH 5.0. Competitive heavy metal adsorption from aqueous solutions containing Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg²⁺ was also investigated. The adsorption capacities are 44.5 mg/g for Hg²⁺, 6.4 mg/g for Cd²⁺, 2.9 mg/g for Pb²⁺, and 2.0 mg/g for Cu²⁺ ions. These results may be considered as an indication of higher specificity of the poly(HEMA–MALA) beads for the Hg²⁺ comparing to other ions. Consecutive adsorption and elution operations showed the feasibility of repeated use for poly(HEMA–MALA) chelating beads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1222–1228, 2006     

A validity study of functionally-based behavioral consultation with students with emotional/behavioral disabilities.

Eighteen students (K-11th grade) with emotional/behavioral disorders who were at-risk for change of placement to more restrictive settings participated. Construct validity of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) was assessed with a multifunction-multimethod matrix that showed excellent convergent and divergent agreement with combined FBA methods and functional analysis results. Treatment validity was assessed with random assignment to either a FBA with consultation condition (FBC) or to a behavioral consultation without FBA condition (BC). Growth curve analysis showed a significant decrease in inappropriate behavior from baseline to treatment for both treatment groups compared to a control group. The efficiency of teachers' implementation effected treatment validity. Effect sizes showed that regardless of treatment condition that interventions with good fidelity realized the largest effect (d = -1.14). Social and habilitative validity was assessed with telephone interviews conducted a year after treatment. Sixty-five percent attributed the students' problem behaviors to their thoughts or feelings, whereas only 25% attributed it to classroom variables. Many (57%) indicated the most helpful intervention would be individual counseling, whereas only 14% indicated a more involved classroom management plan would be useful. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Resistance of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel

In this study, the effects of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the wear resistance of AISI 52100 bearing steel were investigated. For this purpose, a number of bearing steel samples were held for different times (12, 24, 36, 48, 60 h) at deep cryogenic temperatures (?145 °C). The wear experiments were carried out in a ball–disk arrangement, by applying loads of 10 and 20 N and a sliding velocity of 0.15 m/s. After conducting the experimental studies, 36 h was found to be the optimal holding time. At this holding time, the wear rate and friction coefficient were decreased, while the hardness reached to maximum values. It was observed that DCT led to significant microstructural changes, which resulted in improved tribological properties.