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131.
Elisa García‐Tabars John A. Carlin Tyler J. Grassman Diego Martín Ignacio Rey‐Stolle Steven A. Ringel 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2016,24(5):634-644
The evolution of Si bulk minority carrier lifetime during the heteroepitaxial growth of III–V on Si multijunction solar cell structures via metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been analyzed. In particular, the impact on Si lifetime resulting from the four distinct phases within the overall MOCVD‐based III–V/Si growth process were studied: (1) the Si homoepitaxial emitter/cap layer; (2) GaP heteroepitaxial nucleation; (3) bulk GaP film growth; and (4) thick GaAsyP1‐y compositionally graded metamorphic buffer growth. During Phase 1 (Si homoepitaxy), an approximately two order of magnitude reduction in the Si minority carrier lifetime was observed, from about 450 to ≤1 µs. However, following the GaP nucleation (Phase 2) and thicker film (Phase 3) growths, the lifetime was found to increase by about an order of magnitude. The thick GaAsyP1‐y graded buffer was then found to provide further recovery back to around the initial starting value. The most likely general mechanism behind the observed lifetime evolution is as follows: lifetime degradation during Si homoepitaxy because of the formation of thermally induced defects within the Si bulk, with subsequent lifetime recovery due to passivation by fast‐diffusing atomic hydrogen coming from precursor pyrolysis, especially the group‐V hydrides (PH3, AsH3), during the III–V growth. These results indicate that the MOCVD growth methodology used to create these target III–V/Si solar cell structures has a substantial and dynamic impact on the minority carrier lifetime within the Si substrate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
132.
Marcos Rodriguez Pascual Daniela Trambitas Elisa Saez Calvo Herman Kramer Geert-jan Witkamp 《Chemical Engineering Research and Design》2010
A crystallizer was built and a procedure developed to accurately measure the eutectic solubility lines where ice and salt coexist in equilibrium with the solution, for potential application of Eutectic Freeze Crystallization. The eutectic solubility lines of the ternary system NaHCO3–Na2CO3–H2O were determined experimentally and calculated with the extended UNIQUAC model. The extended UNIQUAC model describes the experimental data quite well. Anhydrous NaHCO3 and Na2CO3·10H2O were the only two types of crystals present in equilibrium with ice crystals in the ternary system. At the quadruple point NaHCO3 and Na2CO3·10H2O are in equilibrium with a solution of about 4.34 wt% of Na2CO3 and 4.77 wt% of NaHCO3 at −3.32 °C. The anhydrous NaHCO3 crystals were needle shaped with lengths between 5 and 10 μm, that were agglomerated into particles of about 100–300 μm, while the Na2CO3·10H2O crystals were hexagonally shaped with sizes between 100 and 500 μm. 相似文献
133.
Marina Serantoni Elisa Mercadelli Anna Luisa Costa Magda Blosi Laura Esposito Alessandra Sanson 《Ceramics International》2010,36(1):103-106
Sub-micrometer powder (100–150 nm diameter) of Yb-doped yttrium oxide was obtained, for the first time, by microwave-assisted polyol (diethylene glycol, DEG) method. This method is based on fast and homogeneous increase of temperature, due to the microwave heating, and on addition of the hydrolysing agent (water) at high temperature. This promotes a fast nucleation followed by a controlled growth of nuclei. Different procedures were used to process the as-synthesized powders. In some cases washing by ultrapure water was used to dissolve nitrate and DEG by-products, this treatment allowed the use of a lower calcination temperature (150–200 °C less) to obtain the crystalline phase. Analysis of the calcined powder showed different levels of structures: from nanocrystal (10–15 nm), to primary particles (100–150 nm), to micrometer soft aggregates (2–4 μm). The microwave-assisted polyol method resulted an easy way to dope yttria with the desired amount of Yb3+. This work was carried out in order to prepare particles to be used as rare-earth doped Y2O3 and YAG polycrystalline transparent ceramic for laser source applications. 相似文献
134.
Growth of carbon nanotube forests on carbon fibers with an amorphous silicon interface 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Valdirene Gonzaga de Resende Erica Freire Antunes Anderson de Oliveira Lobo Deiler Antônio Lima Oliveira Vladimir Jesus Trava-Airoldi Evaldo José Corat 《Carbon》2010,48(12):3655-1076
Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube forests were grown by chemical vapour deposition on carbon fibers by the use of an amorphous Si interface. The Si layer creates a barrier, hindering the Fe catalyst diffusion into the carbon fibers. This method provides a way to tailor the thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of the fiber-resin interface of a polymer composite. 相似文献
135.
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137.
Lipid ingredients that demonstrate high stability and positive health profiles without the use of trans‐fats are needed in the food supply. Rice bran oil can be fractionated at low temperatures to create a series of spreads that show promise as functional ingredients. A rice bran oil‐derived spread can extend the fry life of soybean oil and can also be incorporated into baked goods such as bread and granola as a trans‐fat free alternative to butter or shortening. 相似文献
138.
Small scale lean combustors, in conjunction with mechanical and electrical conversion devices, have the potential to meet increasing portable power needs. This study examines the combustion of lean premixed fuels in a mesoscale, heat-recirculating parallel-plate counter-flow reactor. The reactor utilizes internal heat recirculation to produce temperatures in excess of the adiabatic flame temperature, known as superadiabatic combustion. As a result of these elevated temperatures, burning velocities above adiabatic values and extension of flammability limits, including stable operation at very lean equivalence ratios, may be attained. Combustor stability and emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons have been previously studied for lean combustion of methane in the counter-flow reactor. This study examines lean combustion of two increasingly complex fuels, propane and heptane, due to the logistical importance of both gaseous and liquid fuels. Stability ranges and emissions measurements are presented for the counter-flow reactor operating on these fuels, and the results are compared to previously measured emissions for lean methane. Stability ranges of the counter-flow reactor operating on lean propane and heptane are also compared to those in the rich regime. Further analysis of the results for lean methane, propane and heptane combustion utilizes peak reactor wall temperatures as an indicator of favorable operating conditions, and highlights the importance of superadiabatic operation for achieving large turn-down ratios and low levels of emissions. 相似文献
139.
Elisa Campioli Cédric Rouxel Marco Campanini Lucia Nasi Mireille Blanchard‐Desce Francesca Terenziani 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,9(11):1982-1988
Fully organic core–shell nanoparticles that promote luminescence spatial confinement and enhancement at the core–shell nanointerface are designed and prepared. These molecular‐based bicomponent nanostructures give rise to very efficient directional excitation energy transfer from the shell to acceptor molecules in the core located at the core–shell nanointerface. A striking luminescence enhancement is observed with respect to the corresponding single‐component nanoparticles, which is ascribed to large local electric fields generated at the nanointerface between the polarizable molecular core and shell. 相似文献
140.