全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1752篇 |
免费 | 44篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 42篇 |
综合类 | 8篇 |
化学工业 | 430篇 |
金属工艺 | 30篇 |
机械仪表 | 24篇 |
建筑科学 | 54篇 |
矿业工程 | 6篇 |
能源动力 | 44篇 |
轻工业 | 179篇 |
水利工程 | 6篇 |
无线电 | 149篇 |
一般工业技术 | 265篇 |
冶金工业 | 369篇 |
原子能技术 | 11篇 |
自动化技术 | 181篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 15篇 |
2019年 | 14篇 |
2017年 | 27篇 |
2016年 | 29篇 |
2015年 | 27篇 |
2014年 | 32篇 |
2013年 | 43篇 |
2012年 | 60篇 |
2011年 | 72篇 |
2010年 | 41篇 |
2009年 | 57篇 |
2008年 | 54篇 |
2007年 | 78篇 |
2006年 | 49篇 |
2005年 | 52篇 |
2004年 | 53篇 |
2003年 | 29篇 |
2002年 | 49篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 27篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 87篇 |
1997年 | 63篇 |
1996年 | 43篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 26篇 |
1993年 | 44篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 26篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 20篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1978年 | 21篇 |
1977年 | 26篇 |
1976年 | 34篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 16篇 |
1973年 | 24篇 |
1971年 | 14篇 |
1969年 | 12篇 |
1967年 | 15篇 |
1966年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有1798条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
21.
Fluorescence microscopy techniques have become important tools in mitosis research. The well-known disadvantages of fluorescence microscopy, rapid bleaching, phototoxicity and out-of-focus contributions blurring the in-focus image are obstacles which still need to be overcome. Confocal fluorescence microscopy has the potential to improve our capabilities of analyzing cells, because of its excellent depth-discrimination and image processing power. We have been using a confocal fluorescence microscope for the study of the mechanism of poleward chromosome movement, and report here (1) a cell preparation technique, which allows labeling of fixation sensitive spindle antigens with acceptable microtubule preservation; (2) the use of image processing methods to represent the spatial distribution of various labeled elements in pseudocolour; (3) a novel immunoelectron microscopic labeling method for microtubules, which allows the visualization of their distribution in semithin sections at low magnification; and (4) a first attempt to study microtubule dynamics with a confocal fluorescence microscope in living cells, microinjected with rhodamine labeled tubulin. Our experience indicates that confocal fluorescence microscopy provides real advantages for the study of spatial colocalization of antigens in the mitotic spindle. It does not, however, overcome the basic limits of resolution of the light microscope. Therefore, it has been necessary to use an electron microscopic method. Our preliminary results with living cells show that it is possible to visualize the entire microtubule network in stereo, but that the sensitivity of the instrument is still too low to perform dynamic time studies. It will be worthwhile to further develop this new type of optical instrumentation and explore its usefulness on both fixed and living cells. 相似文献
22.
Industrial Oxo Synthesis with Immobilised Catalyst. The use of water-soluble catalysts represents a significant advance in homogeneous catalysis; “immobilisation” of the catalyst in a second immiscible liquid phase has the effect of “heterogenisation” and allows the advantages of heterogeneous processing (long lifetimes, straightforward technology) to the combined with those of the homogeneous mode (gentle reaction conditions, high activity and selectivity). In particular, the decisive advantage of homogeneous catalysts, viz. the wide range of variation of their steric and electronic properties which can be adapted to the specific reaction at hand, can be exploited for tailoring highly effective catalysts. Moreover, the mode of action of these homogeneous catalysts remains understandable as a model and under the reaction conditions chosen – in complete contrast to the case of many heterogeneous catalytic systems. The first successful industrial application of water-soluble catalysts was in the oxo process of Ruhrchemie/Rhǒne Poulenc. The following article reports on ten years' experience with this process and the HRh(CO)[P(msulphophenyl-Na)3]3 catalyst. 相似文献
23.
24.
Depression is one of the most common reasons for using complementary and alternative therapies. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the evidence available on the treatment of depression with complementary therapies. Systematic literature searches were performed using several databases, reference list searching, and inquiry to colleagues. Data extraction followed a predefined protocol. The amount of rigorous scientific data to support the efficacy of complementary therapies in the treatment of depression is extremely limited. The areas with the most evidence for beneficial effects are exercise, herbal therapy (Hypericum perforatum), and, to a lesser extent, acupuncture and relaxation therapies. There is a need for further research involving randomized controlled trials into the efficacy of complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of depression. 相似文献
25.
The introduction of automatic display layout (ADL), i.e. the automatic placing and sizing of windows in a window-oriented graphical user interface, is a major contribution towards an improved user interface. Our approach to ADL is to treat this problem as a combinatorial optimization problem. In this article we describe the concepts we used for implementing an experimental system which controls the computer screen contents and its layout. We give two examples of different standard applications into which we included ADL successfully, namely hypertext for a window layout problem and graph-browser for a hierarchical graph layout problem within a particular window. The results show that automatic (and tool independent) display layout will be possible in the near future even in an interactive environment. 相似文献
26.
The HaLoop approach to large-scale iterative data analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yingyi Bu Bill Howe Magdalena Balazinska Michael D. Ernst 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》2012,21(2):169-190
The growing demand for large-scale data mining and data analysis applications has led both industry and academia to design
new types of highly scalable data-intensive computing platforms. MapReduce has enjoyed particular success. However, MapReduce
lacks built-in support for iterative programs, which arise naturally in many applications including data mining, web ranking,
graph analysis, and model fitting. This paper (This is an extended version of the VLDB 2010 paper “HaLoop: Efficient Iterative
Data Processing on Large Clusters” PVLDB 3(1):285–296, 2010.) presents HaLoop, a modified version of the Hadoop MapReduce framework, that is designed to serve these applications. HaLoop
allows iterative applications to be assembled from existing Hadoop programs without modification, and significantly improves
their efficiency by providing inter-iteration caching mechanisms and a loop-aware scheduler to exploit these caches. HaLoop
retains the fault-tolerance properties of MapReduce through automatic cache recovery and task re-execution. We evaluated HaLoop
on a variety of real applications and real datasets. Compared with Hadoop, on average, HaLoop improved runtimes by a factor
of 1.85 and shuffled only 4 % as much data between mappers and reducers in the applications that we tested. 相似文献
27.
Wolfgang Luf und Ernst Brandl 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1988,186(4):327-332
Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der Annatto-Farbstoffe Norbixin und Bixin in Käse wird eine derivativspektroskopische und eine HPLC-Methode vorgeschlagen. Beide Methoden kommen mit einer raschen und einfachen Probenaufbereitung aus, da eine Abtrennung von-Carotin und Fett nicht erforderlich ist. Die Probenaufbereitung besteht aus einer Extraktion der Farbstoffe mit Aceton, Filtration, Eindampfen des Extraktes, Entfernen von Restwasser durch Zusats von einigen Millimetern absolutem Alkohol und anschließendem Eindampfen, Aufnehmen in Chloroform/Eisessig (99,5 + 0,5) für die Derivativspektroskopie bzw. Aceton für die HPLC. Die derivativspektroskopische Methode erlaubt sowohl die qualitative Analyse (Nachweisgrenze unter 0,67 mg/kg abhängig vom natürlichen-Carotingealt), als auch eine Quantifizierung. Sie kann deshalb sowohl als Screeningmethode zur Kontrolle der rigorosen österreichischen Vorschriften, als auch zur Kontrolle der Einhaltung von Höchstwerten verwendet werden und zeichnet sich weiters durch eine kurze Analysenzeit (75 s) und geringem Materialaufwand aus. Die HPLC-Methode gestattet einerseits eine Auftrennung der Komponenten Norbixin und Bixin als auch eine separate quentitative Erfassung der in Schnittkäse anzutreffenden Carotinoide wie-Carotin,-Apo-8-Carotinal und-Apo-8-Carotinsäureethylester (Nachweisgrenze für Norbixin und Bixin 0,2 mg/kg). Die dafür erforderliche Analysenzeit beträgt 20 min. Die HPLC-Methode wird für Bestätigungszwecke bei Vorliegen geringer Bixin-Norbixinkonzentrationen bzw. als Alternative vorgeschlagen.
Detection of annatto dye-stuffs, norbixin and bixin, in cheese by means of derivative spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Summary A derivative spectroscopic method and a HPLC-method are described for the determination of the annatto dye-stuffs, norbixin and bixin, in cheese. Both methods enable a simple and quick sample preparation since the separation of-carotene and fat is not required. The sample preparation step consists of extraction with acetone, filtration, evaporation of the extract and separation of water residues by the addition of a few milliliters of absolute ethanol. This is followed by evaporation and extraction of the residual solution with chloroform/acetic acid (99.5 + 0.5) for the derivative spectroscopic method or with acetone for the HPLC method. The qualitative detection (detection limit greater than 0.67 mg/kg, depending on the genuine-carotene content) as well as the quantitative determination is possible by means of the derivative spectroscopic method. Therefore, this technique may be used within the rigorous Austrian regulation or for controlling the quantities and limits of annatto dye-stuffs in cheese, if its application is allowed. The method also has the advantage of quick detection (only 75 s) and saving of material used. The HPLC method allows for the separation and quantification of norbixin and bixin as well as the other carotenoids such as-carotene,-apo-8-carotenal and-apo-8-carotenoic acid — ethylester, which may also be found in varieties of cheese (detection limit of norbixin and bixin: 0.2 mg/kg). The time required for the separation of the above mentioned substances is 20 min and the HPLC method is proposed for the confirmation of low concentrations of these substances.相似文献
28.
Directed exploitation of biological systems . During the past few decades, our knowledge of molecular process responsible for genetics has increased dramatically. Discovery of the giant molecule deoxyribonucleic acid – abbreviated as DNA – as the carrier of genetic information heralded in a development which nowadays permits us to effect directed changes in the genetic material of an organism. Thus we can provide easily cultured microorganisms with genes which were previously located in a completely different genetic environment. This helps us to obtain high yields of proteins or other substances which were formerly very difficult to obtain. Higher organisms such as animals and plants can also undergo modification of their genetic equipment. This adds a new dimension to the breeding of such species. Above all, genetic engineering provides new insights into the enormously complex interplay of molecules which go to make up a living cell. The resulting understanding of life processes on a molecular level permits recognition of malfunction and therapy of the ensuring disease by new drugs. In addition to these positive aspects, genetic engineering provides scope for conducting experiments whose ethical implications demand very earnest consideration. 相似文献
29.
An isothermal model for hydrodemetallation (HDM) of crude oils in catalytic fixed-bed reactors is proposed. This model involves a consecutive reaction mechanism, which is capable of accounting for particle deposit profiles with interior maxima. Consistent with the fact that HDM catalysts are conglomerates formed by precipitation, the porous catalyst itself is modeled as randomly overlapping spheres of equal size. The metal is deposited as growing metal sulfide crystallites on the inner surface of the catalyst. These crystallites originate from a certain number of randomly scattered nuclei and increase in size as the deposition proceeds. The random sphere model for the catalyst and the deposit provides the changes in the catalyst pore structure—local porosity and surface area.
The mass transport within the domain of the particle is due to restricted liquid diffusion, since the diameter of the metal bearing compound (porphyrin) and the intermediate are comparable to the pore size. The diffusion restrictions taken into account are the enhanced drag imposed on a molecule by adjacent pore walls and steric partitioning.
Since the deposition process is much slower than diffusion and reaction, the pseudo-steady-state assumption can be justified. The equations of conservation for mass are solved by orthogonal collocation on finite elements. Based on this solution technique a computer simulation program of HDM is designed that allows two modes of operation: constant temperature and constant conversion. The simulation program “SIMULA” is highly flexible with regard to reaction kinetics, catalyst structure, reactor design, and operating conditions. In comparison to a base case with uniform activity, the effect of intraparticle (radial) and bed (axial) activity profiles on the conversion rate is discussed. For the case investigated, a radial distribution of activity higher at the center of the particle than at the edge can increase catalyst life by 25%, but axial distribution was less successful. 相似文献
The mass transport within the domain of the particle is due to restricted liquid diffusion, since the diameter of the metal bearing compound (porphyrin) and the intermediate are comparable to the pore size. The diffusion restrictions taken into account are the enhanced drag imposed on a molecule by adjacent pore walls and steric partitioning.
Since the deposition process is much slower than diffusion and reaction, the pseudo-steady-state assumption can be justified. The equations of conservation for mass are solved by orthogonal collocation on finite elements. Based on this solution technique a computer simulation program of HDM is designed that allows two modes of operation: constant temperature and constant conversion. The simulation program “SIMULA” is highly flexible with regard to reaction kinetics, catalyst structure, reactor design, and operating conditions. In comparison to a base case with uniform activity, the effect of intraparticle (radial) and bed (axial) activity profiles on the conversion rate is discussed. For the case investigated, a radial distribution of activity higher at the center of the particle than at the edge can increase catalyst life by 25%, but axial distribution was less successful. 相似文献
30.