Action-effect codes in and before the central bottleneck: Evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm.

Voluntary motor actions aim at and are thus governed by predictable action effects. Therefore, representations of an action's effects normally must become activated prior to the action itself. In 5 psychological refractory period experiments the authors investigated whether the activation of such effect representations coincides with the response selection stage of information-processing theories. Participants performed 2 choice reaction tasks, separated by variable stimulus onset asynchronies. The authors varied the compatibility between responses and forthcoming sensorial effects (Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 5) or between responses and effect-resembling stimuli (Experiments 4 and 5) in one of the tasks. They observed that compatibility influences from forthcoming (anticipated) response effects were located within the response selection bottleneck, whereas compatibility influences from action-preceding (perceived) effects were due to processes before the bottleneck. These results point to a crucial role of the endogenous activation of action-effect representations for the selection of voluntary motor responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

新一代硫酸装置干吸塔除雾器的选择

介绍了在当前技术上作了重大改进的3种新型除雾器的开发.DEMISTER@型713丝网除雾器,在干燥塔中使用可提高效率且具有较低的压力降;FLEXIFIBER(R)BD-LdP布朗扩散型烛式除雾器,在吸收塔中使用可减小压力降且无效率损失;FLEXIFIBER(R)ICK-LF碰撞型烛式除雾器,在干燥塔和二吸塔中使用可延长使用寿命且无效率损失.讨论了每一种类型除雾器的优点和局限性,以帮助管理者作出明智的决策,针对他们的具体要求选择最好的技术,同时也将比较不同选择所预期的安装、检修和操作费用.     

套管井阵列声波测井仪器与油气层识别技术

文章通过现场10口井的实验结果，肯定了在套管井中可以测量到砂岩地层的纵、横波时差。并且在已知的气层进行了裸眼井纵、横波时差和套管井纵、横波的对比，两者吻合得比较好。这样，利用地层的纵、横渡时差信息便可以对以往的老井、低产井以及报废井的气层、疑难油层以及可疑油气层进行重新认识，特别是油层附近未射孔的干层和水层。因为，这时测量的声波时差不受泥浆滤液（或者浸入）的影响，对气层的显示更明显。本研究为套管井地层评价提供了一个新的技术手段，为剩余油气识别提供了一种新的方法。     

Norepinephrine Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated TNF-α but Not Oxylipin Induction in n-3/n-6 PUFA-Enriched Cultures of Circumventricular Organs

Sensory circumventricular organs (sCVOs) are pivotal brain structures involved in immune-to-brain communication with a leaky blood–brain barrier that detect circulating mediators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we aimed to investigate the potential of sCVOs to produce n-3 and n-6 oxylipins after LPS-stimulation. Moreover, we investigated if norepinephrine (NE) co-treatment can alter cytokine- and oxylipin-release. Thus, we stimulated rat primary neuroglial sCVO cultures under n-3- or n-6-enriched conditions with LPS or saline combined with NE or vehicle. Supernatants were assessed for cytokines by bioassays and oxylipins by HPLC-MS/MS. Expression of signaling pathways and enzymes were analyzed by RT-PCR. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α bioactivity and signaling, IL-10 expression, and cyclooxygenase (COX)2 were increased, epoxide hydroxylase (Ephx)2 was reduced, and lipoxygenase 15-(LOX) was not changed by LPS stimulation. Moreover, LPS induced increased levels of several n-6-derived oxylipins, including the COX-2 metabolite 15d-prostaglandin-J2 or the Ephx2 metabolite 14,15-DHET. For n-3-derived oxylipins, some were down- and some were upregulated, including 15-LOX-derived neuroprotectin D1 and 18-HEPE, known for their anti-inflammatory potential. While the LPS-induced increase in TNFα levels was significantly reduced by NE, oxylipins were not significantly altered by NE or changes in TNFα levels. In conclusion, LPS-induced oxylipins may play an important functional role in sCVOs for immune-to-brain communication.