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51.
The worldwide volume and value of trade in halal and kosher meat and co-products are huge. Muslim countries alone consumed meat estimated to be worth USD 57.2 billion in 2008. The halal and kosher principles that govern the production of red meat have many similarities, as well as some fundamental differences. Perhaps the most significant difference is that at the time of slaughter, the animal needs only to be alive to meet the minimum halal requirement, but must be both alive and conscious for kosher. It is for this reason that reversible pre-slaughter stunning is acceptable only for halal meat, although a compromise form of post-slaughter stunning is now considered kosher in some countries. Extensive research on animal physiology and welfare has characterised and optimised the methods for stunning livestock, and enabled advancement in associated technologies. This forms the basis for harmonising the religious and secular requirements for the protection of animal welfare at slaughter. These technologies and the associated processing practices for the industrial production of halal and kosher meat are reviewed in this paper. 相似文献
52.
A numerical model has been developed to predict the temperature history of particles injected into a low pressure dc plasma
jet. The temperature and velocity fields of the plasma jet are predicted as a free jet by solving the parabolized compressible
Navier-Stokes equations using a spatial marching scheme. Particle trajectories and heat transfer characteristics are calculated
using the predicted plasma jet temperature and velocity fields. Correction factors have been introduced to take into account
noncontinuum effects encountered in the low pressure environment. The exchange of energy and momentum between the injected
particles and plasma flow was treated by considering the source terms in the governing equations. The plasma jet profiles
as well as the particle/plasma interactions with different jet pressure ratios (from underexpanded to overexpanded) have been
investigated. The effect of particle loading on the resulting jet profiles, particle trajectories, and temperature profiles
is presented and discussed.
This paper is based on a presentation made in the T.B. King Memorial Symposium on “Physical Chemistry in Metals Processing”
presented at the Annual Meeting of The Metallurgical Society, Denver, CO, February, 1987, under the auspices of the Physical
Chemistry Committee and the PTD/ISS. 相似文献
53.
54.
H. Farouk Y. M. Abo-Zeid M. A. Khaled I. Kashif A. M. Sanad 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》1995,6(6):393-396
A series of glass samples were prepared from a mixtures of B2O3, Na2O and NiO. The role of nickel oxide in a glass matrix was studied by using infrared spectra, optical absorption, magnetic susceptibility, density, and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It was shown that the addition of nickel oxide at different concentrations to the glass batches causes some deformation in the glass structure. The values of ligand field strength and Racah parameter indicated an increasing degree of covalency. The glass samples exhibited diamagnetic behaviour with NiO content up to 1 g, then paramagnetic behaviour. The densities and glass transition temperatures decreased with increase in the NiO content up to 0.2 g and then increased again. This tendency may be related to changes in the glass structure. 相似文献
55.
Thermal heat transfer in line-axis, symmetric, compound parabolic concentrating solar energy collectors (CPCs) has been investigated and a theoretical numerical model has been developed. The model allows the effect of the angle of axial inclination of an east-west aligned CPC and hence the effect of the latitudinal and tracking configuration of the CPC system on performance to be determined. The internal and external convective heat transfer correlations employed are angular dependent. The variation of convective, radiative, conductive and overall heat transfer coefficients and system efficiency for a range of angular inclinations, concentration ratios, total insolations and beam to diffuse insolation factors are presented graphically. The results demonstrate that there is a 10% variation in convective heat transfer with angle of inclination for low concentration CPCs (i.e. C = 1.5). 相似文献
56.
Our previous attempts in the modeling of the heat transfer and fluid flow in radio frequency (RF) plasma torches considered
dilute particle-loading conditions. It was assumed that the injected particles have no effect on the plasma temperature and
velocity profiles. However, in practice, the plasma deposition process is carried out under fairly high loading conditions
to achieve high energy efficiency. The plasma gas experiences significant local cooling and deceleration due to high particle
injection rates. To this end, a numerical model has been developed which considers the coupling effects between the plasma
temperature and velocity fields and injected particles. In this study, effort has been focused on the particle-loading effect
in an inductively coupled RF plasma torch under a reduced pressure environment. The temperature and flow fields in an inductively
coupled RF plasma torch are solved using an axisymmetric, variable property formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Pseudo
two-dimensional electrical and magnetic field equations were considered. In addition, an integral constraint condition is
used to maintain a specified discharge power in the plasma torch. The interaction between the plasma gas and injected particles
is considered using the well-known “Particle-Source-In-Cell” (PSI-Cell) method. The exchanged mass, momentum, and energy between
the plasma gas and injected particles are accounted for through additional source terms in the governing equations. The effect
of particle loading on the resulting torch flow, thermal profiles, and particle-melting characteristics are presented and
discussed. 相似文献
57.
Fathi Habashi Farouk T. Awadalla Xin-Bao Yao 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1987,38(2):115-126
When phosphate rock is leached with hydrochloric acid, radium can be removed by co-precipitation with Ba0.4Ca0.6SO4 and uranium by extraction with a 5% solution of tributyl phosphate in hexane or Varsol. Phosphoric acid is then separated from calcium chloride solution and other impurities by extraction with undiluted tributyl phosphate. The lanthanides can be precipitated from the raffinate by NH3, and CaSO4.2H2O by H2SO4 to regenerate HCl for recycle. The organic phase containing H3PO4 can be stripped by NH3 to yield ammonium phosphate and to regenerate the tributyl phosphate for recycle. Fluorine can be precipitated from the initial leach solution as Na2SiF6. 相似文献
58.
J. Batle C. H. Raymond Ooi M. Abutalib Ahmed Farouk S. Abdalla 《Quantum Information Processing》2016,15(7):2839-2850
Quantum correlations are almost impossible to address in bulk systems. Quantum measures extended only to a few number of parties can be discussed in practice. In the present work, we study nonlocality for a cluster of spins belonging to a mineral whose structure is that of a quantum magnet. We reproduce at a much smaller scale the experimental outcomes, and then, we study the role of quantum correlations there. A macroscopic entanglement witness has been introduced in order to reveal nonlocal quantum correlations between individual constituents of the azurite mineral at nonzero temperatures. The critical point beyond which entanglement is zero is found at \(T_c < 1\,\mathrm{K}\). 相似文献
59.
J. Batle C. H. Raymond Ooi Ahmed Farouk M. Abutalib S. Abdalla 《Quantum Information Processing》2016,15(8):3081-3099
Quantum correlations are thought to be the reason why certain quantum algorithms overcome their classical counterparts. Since the nature of this resource is still not fully understood, we shall investigate how multipartite entanglement and non-locality among qubits vary as the quantum computation runs. We shall encounter that quantum measures on the whole system cannot account for their corresponding speedup. 相似文献
60.
Ali Khebizi Hassina Seridi-Bouchelaghem Bouallem Benatallah Farouk Toumani 《Service Oriented Computing and Applications》2017,11(2):163-181
We investigate the problem of web service instances migration in the context of business protocol evolution, i.e., how to convert active instances of web services from an old version of a business protocol into a new one? We propose a framework based on a declarative approach to support service providers in defining fine-grained migration strategies of active instances. While the existing approaches for instances migration force the migrated instances to reflect the original ones as accurately as possible, in our approach we give to service providers the ability to declaratively define the constraints that drive the instances migration process. A migration strategy is expressed as a set of instances migration rules which are specified using an instance mapping language made of a set of generic migration patterns. The proposed approach has been implemented in a software tool that provides useful functionalities for protocol managers. 相似文献