Measurement of heat transfer coefficients for direct contact condensation in core makeup tanks using holographic interferometer

The present work is to improve our understanding and analysis of direct contact condensation on the gravity injection of CMTs and to measure the heat transfer coefficients around steam bubbles using the holographic interferometer and high speed camera. The condensation regime map associated with the downward injection of steam into water through the steam pipe is investigated to understand the mechanism of the direct contact condensation. The present map shows that the boundary of chugging and subsonic jetting with the larger diameter pipe is shifted to the larger steam mass flux. Steam cavity mode, not found in the literature, and the unique mode of downward injection for the present geometry, is observed at the low subcooled water temperature. With the holographic interferometry and the high speed camera, the heat transfer mechanism for the direct contact condensation in CMTs is understood and the heat transfer coefficients are measured.     

Chromatographische Untersuchungen zur Polydispersität von Hydroxyethylstärke

Chromatographic Studies on the Polydispersity of Hydroxyethyl Starch. A representative sample of clinically used hydroxyethyl starch was separated by semipreparative HPSEC into narrow fractions in the range of approx. 3.000 to 800.000 D. The original sample and selected fractions were characterised by gaschromatographic methylation analysis according to their substitution degrees MS and DS, which were differentiated by the substitution positions at C2, C3 and C6 of the anhydroglucoses and their kind of glycosidic bonding α-1, α-1,4 or α-1,4,6, respectively. Furthermore, polydispersity in relations to the degree of branching was determined. Mark-Houwink and molecular weight distribution parameters determined by multi-detection HPSEC are reported. The presented data demonstrate a extensive homogeneity of the original sample. The clinical relevance is discussed.     

Comparison of Automated Ribotyping,spa Typing,and MLST in 108 Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Orthopedic Infections

108 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, belonging to six large ribogroups according to the automated Ribo-Printer^® system, were studied with two highly used molecular methods for epidemiological studies, namely multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing, followed by BURP and eBURST v3 analysis for clustering spa types and sequence (ST) types. The aim was to evaluate whether automated ribotyping could be considered a useful screening tool for identifying S. aureus genetic lineages with respect to spa typing and MLST. Clarifying the relationship of riboprinting with these typing methods and establishing whether ribogroups fit single clonal complexes were two main objectives. Further information on the genetic profile of the isolates was obtained from agr typing and the search for the mecA, tst genes, and the IS256 insertion sequence. Automated ribotyping has been shown to predict spa clonal complexes and MLST clonal complexes. The high cost and lower discriminatory power of automated ribotyping compared to spa and MSLT typing could be an obstacle to fine genotyping analyzes, especially when high discriminatory power is required. On the other hand, numerous advantages such as automation, ease and speed of execution, stability, typeability and reproducibility make ribotyping a reliable method to be juxtaposed to gold standard methods.     

Profiling of the Bacterial Microbiota along the Murine Alimentary Tract

Here, the spatial distribution of the bacterial flora along the murine alimentary tract was evaluated using high throughput sequencing in wild-type and Tff3-deficient (Tff3^KO) animals. Loss of Tff3 was linked to increased dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. This systematic study shows the results of 13 different regions from the esophagus to the rectum. The number of bacterial species (richness) increased from the esophagus to the rectum, from 50 to 200, respectively. Additionally, the bacterial community structure changed continuously; the highest changes were between the upper/middle and lower gastrointestinal compartments when comparing adjacent regions. Lactobacillus was the major colonizer in the upper/middle gastrointestinal tract, especially in the esophagus and stomach. From the caecum, a drastic diminution of Lactobacillus occurred, while members of Lachnospiraceae significantly increased. A significant change occurred in the bacterial community between the ascending and the transverse colon with Bacteroidetes being the major colonizers with relative constant abundance until the rectum. Interestingly, wild-type and Tff3^KO animals did not show significant differences in their bacterial communities, suggesting that Tff3 is not involved in alterations of intraluminal or adhesive microbiota but is obviously important for mucosal protection, e.g., of the sensitive stem cells in the colonic crypts probably by a mucus plume.     

Adhesion of bulk-fill resin composites as core and intraradicular post materials only versus the use of glass-fiber posts in different regions of root dentin

This study assessed adhesion of bulk-fill resin-composites as core and post materials only versus the use of fiber resin composite (FRC) posts. Human teeth (N?=?84) were cut at the CEJ and endodontically treated and randomly divided into seven groups: TP: Titanium post (Flat Head T); SFRC: S2-glass FRC (Pinpost); EFRC1: E-glass FRC (GC Everstick) directly bonded; GFRC: E-glass FRC (Glassix Nordin); EFRC2: E-glass FRC (Everstick); BF1: Bulk-fill resin (Surefill SDR); BF2: Bulk-fill resin (SonicFill). Groups TP, SFRC, EFRC and GFRC were cemented (Panavia 21), while other groups were bonded directly to the intraradicular dentin. The core parts were constructed using a resin composite (G-aenial) except for Groups BF1 and BF2. The core-cervical dentin interface was loaded under shear forces. Push-out tests were performed in a Universal Testing Machine (1?mm/min). Data (MPa) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey`s tests (α?=?0.05). Not the root level (p?>?0.05) but the type of core and post material significantly affected shear and push-out bond results (p?<?0.001). BF1 (9.2?±?2.1) and BF2 (9.3?±?3.1) showed significantly lower bond strength to the cervical dentin (p?<?0.05) compared to other groups (11.6?±?2.5–19?±?6.8). FRC post types did not show significant difference being higher than those of TP, BF1 and BF2 (0.57?±?0.37–2.34?±?1.98) (p?>?0.05). Partial cohesive core fracture was more common while BF1 and BF2 showed exclusively adhesive failures. Cohesive failure in the cement was frequent in Group TP (53%) compared to other groups (3–24%). BF1 and BF2 presented exclusively complete adhesive failure of the bulk-fill material.     

New printing inks with barrier performance for packaging applications: Design and investigation

Barrier properties of packaging materials against moisture and oxygen penetration are of high relevance. Enhanced protection of existing materials against weather conditions can be achieved by application of printed coatings. To improve barrier performance of packaging materials, new inks for obtaining printed coatings with a layered structure were developed and investigated. The proposed ink compositions for flexographic printing on paper substrates are based on an environmentally friendly acrylic binder and contain inorganic fillers with platelet particles incorporated in the polymer matrix. Coatings based on the developed printing inks demonstrate significantly decreased water vapour permeability compared to traditional polymer inks. The effect of decreased permeability was investigated considering inks rheological behaviour, the coating structure, mechanical properties, surface energy and water uptake for different ink formulations. The developed inks provide variable optical properties including coatings with a relatively high transparency. The development of the functional barrier inks contributes to saving natural resources by prolonging life performance of packaging materials and goods.     

The rust preventing mechanism of zinc dust paints

In atmospheric weathering the rust preventing mechanism of zinc dust paints is dominated by the sealing action of the zinc corrosion products on the paint surface. Under immersed conditions the time of cathodic protection of bare steel is dependent on the zinc content of the paints. An optimum zinc content has been found for all of the tested binders: polystyrene, vinyl copolymer and chlorinated rubber. Differences in the optimum zinc content arise mainly due to the different wetting of the pigment by the binders.     

Spaltung von 1,2,4-Thiadiazol-3-onen mit Triphenylphosphan: Triphenylphosphonio-thioimidazolate und ihre Folgereaktionen

Fission of 1,2,4-Thiadiazol-3-ones by Triphenylphosphane: gewidinet Triphenylphosphonio Thioimidazolates and Their Consecutive Reactions Treatment of benzimidazo[1,2-d][1,2,4]thiadiazol-3(2H)-ones ( 1 ) and imidazo[1,2-d]-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-3(2H)-ones ( 17 ) with triphenylphosphan leads to the liberation of isocyanate and the formation of triphenylphosphonio-thiobenzimidazolat ( 4 ) and triphenylphosphonio-thioimidazolat ( 18 ), respectively. 2,4-Diphenyl-5-phenylimino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-one ( 23 ) is desulfurized with Ph₃P and decomposed into phenyl isocyanate and diphenylcarbodiimide whereas the N-unsubstituted imino-thiadiazol-3-one ( 25 ) is attacked at the exocyclic imino group by Ph₃P to give the N-phosphoranylidene thiourea ( 26 ). The structure of 4 can be rationalized as a dynamic system between polar and apolar valence isomeres. Reactions of 1 and 17 with cyanates, isocyanates, carbon disulfide, acetic anhydride, amines, benzyl chloride, grignard compounds, and CH acidic compounds are described.     

Enhanced Sliding Wear Resistance of Technical Alloys by Hard Particle Reinforcement Using Machine Hammer Peening

Machine hammer peening is a surface treatment technique originally developed for smoothening tools and mold surfaces. Treated surfaces are locally cold-worked, which results in a hardness increase and the induction of compressive residual stresses. In the present work, the feasibility of using this technique as a tool for embedding tungsten carbide hard particles on engineering-relevant substrate materials is systematically investigated. Tungsten carbide particles of three different sizes were embedded onto selected substrates using machine hammer peening. The particle embedment quality of the engineered surfaces was evaluated and correlated to the substrates' mechanical properties. The resulting tribological performance was investigated under reciprocating sliding conditions and the dominant wear mechanisms were correlated with the diameter of the embedded particles. The results show that machine hammer peening is a suitable technique for embedding hard particles in substrates of various materials, which additionally results in an enhancement in wear resistance, thus opening up a wide range of potential applications in tribologically loaded surfaces.