The impact of SONET digital cross-connect system architecture ondistributed restoration

The viability of distributed control restoration using digital cross-connect systems (DCS) depends on its capability for restoring services within specified time requirements, and its economics for providing restoration compared to other alternatives. The authors report a Bellcore study for the impact of the DCS architecture on distributed restoration. This study concludes that currently proposed distributed control DCS self-healing schemes may not meet the 2 second restoration objective for large metropolitan local exchange carrier's networks, regardless of the distributed algorithm used, if the present DCS system architecture which uses serial message processing and serial path cross-connection remains unchanged. They also discuss several DCS architecture enhancement options, including a parallel processing/cross-connect DCS architecture, which may improve the service restoration time     

A tractable large-signal dynamic model-application to stronglycoupled distributed feedback lasers

The modulation characteristics of DFB semiconductor lasers have been studied using a transfer matrix method combined with an appropriate rate equation analysis. The model takes into account longitudinal mode spatial hole burning, as well as the nonuniform current injection resulting from the axially varying Fermi voltage, and can be used for the efficient simulation of static, small-signal, and large-signal dynamic properties. The program is applied to the interpretation of experimental data from a strongly coupled InGaAsP/InP DFB laser. The experimental high-frequency properties of this device are well described by the simulations     

Resonant couplers acting as add-drop filters made withsilica-on-silicon waveguide technology

Add-drop filters are demonstrated using silica-on-silicon optical waveguide technology. This device consists of a full directional coupler subdivided by Mach-Zehnder sections. Tapering of the coupling coefficients is experimentally shown to dramatically reduce the filters' sidelobes. Only one photolithographic step is required using the silica planar waveguide technology, yielding accurate wavelength control of the filters. Excellent agreement between measurement and design was achieved     

Dynamic range of coherent analog fiber-optic links

We investigate the performance of coherent analog optical links employing amplitude modulation (AM), phase modulation (PM), and frequency modulation (FM). The performance of these coherent links is compared to that of AM direct-detection (DD) links. The signal-to-noise ratios, nonlinearities, and-spurious-free dynamic ranges (SFDR's) of the foregoing links are evaluated. We calculate the SFDR for links using DFB and Nd:YAG lasers with typical linewidths of 10 MHz and 5 kHz, respectively. The performance of PM and FM links is dominated by phase noise above a critical value of received optical power. For a linewidth of 10 MHz, and SFDR's of PM and FM links are 30 and 31 dB, respectively, for a received optical power above -27 dBm in a 1 GHz bandwidth. For a linewidth of 5 kHz, the corresponding SFDR's above a received power level of 0 dBm are 51 and 53 dB. The performance of DD and AM links is dominated by RIN above a critical value of received optical power. For a RIN level of -155 dB/Hz, the SFDR's of DD and AM links are 49 and 47 dB, respectively, for a received optical power of 10 dBm in a 1 GHz bandwidth. The SFDR's of the DD and coherent links used for transmission of subcarrier-multiplexed (SCM) signals are also derived. We evaluate target laser parameters needed by a number of different applications. For AM video and antenna remoting applications, linewidths of <1 and <3 kHz are required to use PM and FM links, respectively. For FM video, linewidths of <150 and <350 MHz are required to use PM and FM links. For SCM digital applications, linewidths of <80 and <200 MHz are required to use PM and FM links. The paper concludes with a discussion of system implementation issues, including linearization, optical frequency modulation, balanced receivers, and IF issues     

A time domain approach for avoiding crosstalk in optical blockingmultistage interconnection networks

Crosstalk in multistage interconnection networks can be avoided by ensuring that a switch is not used by two connections simultaneously, in order to support crosstalk-free communications among N inputs and N outputs, a space domain approach dilates an N×N network into one that is essentially equivalent to a 2N×2N network. Path conflicts, however may still exist in dilated networks. This paper proposes a time domain approach for avoiding crosstalk. Such an approach can be regarded as “dilating” a network in time, instead of space. More specifically, the connections that need to use the same switch are established during different time slots. This way, path conflicts are automatically avoided. The time domain dilation is useful for overcoming the limits on the network size while utilizing the high bandwidth of optical interconnects. We study the set of permutations whose crosstalk-free connections can be established in just two time slots using the time domain approach. While the space domain approach trades hardware complexity for crosstalk-free communications, the time domain approach trades time complexity. We compare the proposed time domain to the space domain approach by analyzing the tradeoffs involved in these two approaches     

Performance and reliability enhancement for CVD tungsten polycidedCMOS transistors due to fluorine incorporation in the gate oxide

The impacts of CVD tungsten polycide (WSi_x) on MOSFET performance and reliability are studied in this letter. The WSi_x process is shown to enhance the S/D lateral extent for both N- and P-channel devices via C_GD and L_eff measurements, confirming previous suspicion. This enhanced S/D extent is found to be easily modulated by drain-to-gate bias, which is favorable for achieving both higher drive currents and higher S/D punch-through voltages than those of non-WSi_x devices. Both electron and hole mobility for the WSi_x device are also slightly higher and closer to the published data compared to the non-WSi_x case. These effects together yield about >5% improvement for nMOSFET and >10% improvement for pMOSFET in drive current at a given punch-through voltage. The channel hot-electron lifetime for the n-channel WSi_x device is about 10 times higher than that of the non-WSi_x one. These enhancements in both performance and reliability make the WSi_x device very attractive fog VLSI CMOS technologies     

P-N double quantum well resonant interband tunneling diode withpeak-to-valley current ratio of 144 at room temperature

The current-voltage characteristics of the P-N double quantum well resonant interband tunneling (RIT) diodes in InAlAs-InGaAs system have been improved in this letter. The peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) is as high as 144 at room temperature. As we know, this is the highest room temperature PVCR ever reported in any tunneling devices. Moreover, the influence of the central barrier thickness varying from 10 Å to 30 Å on the device characteristics is also studied     

Yeast sequencing reports. Isolation and sequence analysis of a gene from the linear DNA plasmid pPAC1–2 of Pichia acaciae that shows similarity to a killer toxin gene of Kluyveromyces lactis

The toxin-encoding linear plasmid systems found in Pichia acaciae and Kluyveromyces lactis yeasts appear to be quite similar, both in function and structural organization. By Southern hybridization, a linear plasmid of P. acaciae, pPac1–2, was found to hybridize to the second open reading frame (ORF2) of K. lactis plasmid pGKL1, known to encode the α and β subunits of the K. lactis toxin. A 1·7 kbp segment of pPac1–2 DNA was cloned, sequenced and shown to contain four regions of strong homology to four similarly oriented regions of K. lactis ORF2. This 1·7 kbp fragment also contained an ORF of 1473 bp that could encode a protein of ～ 55·8 kDa. Like the α subunit gene of K. lactis ORF2, a very hydrophobic region occurs at the N-terminus, perhaps representing a signal sequence for transport out of the cell. Unlike K. lactis ORF2, however, the encoded polypeptide is much smaller and lacks a recognizable domain common to chitinases. The structure of a toxin that includes the translation product of this P. acaciae ORF would likely be quite different from that of the K. lactis toxin. Analysis of the upstream region of the P. acaciae ORF revealed an upstream conserved sequence identical to that found before ORFs 8 and 9 of pGKL2. A possible hairpin loop structure, as has been described for each of the four K. lactis pGKL1 ORFs, was found just upstream of the presumed start codon. The similarity of the promoter-like elements found in the linear plasmid genes of these diverse yeasts reinforces the idea of the existence of a unique, but highly conserved, expression system for these novel plasmids. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Number U02596.