Growth of silicon nitride films by bombarding amorphous silicon with N ions: MD simulation

In this study, the molecular dynamics simulation method was employed to investigate the growth of silicon nitride films by using N⁺ ions, with energies of 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV, to bombard an amorphous silicon surface at 300 K. After an initial period of N⁺ bombardment, saturation of the number of N atoms deposited on the surface is observed, which is in agreement with experiments. During subsequent steady state deposition, a balance between uptake of N by the surface and sputtering of previously deposited N is established. The Si(N_x) (x = 1-4) and N(Si_y) (y = 1-3) bond configurations in the grown films are analyzed.     

N6—35-Ⅱ6000kW汽轮发电机组复二排叶片断裂失效分析

复二排动叶片,由于电厂机组经常处在开开停停,且蒸汽中会有大量促使孔蚀的卤素离子而产生蛀孔(即疲劳源),最终因腐蚀疲劳而断裂.     

A Nonlinear Magneto-Mechanical Coupled Constitutive Model for the Magnetostrictive Material Galfenol

In order to predict the performance of magnetostrictive smart material and push its applications in engineering, it is necessary to build the constitutive relations for the magnetostrictive material Galfenol. For Galfenol rods under the action of the pre-stress and magnetic field along the axial direction, the one-dimensional nonlinear magneto-mechanical coupling constitutive model is proposed based on the elastic Gibbs free energy, where the Taylor expansion of the elastic Gibbs free energy is made to obtain the polynomial forms. And then the constitutive relations are derived by replacing the polynomial forms with the proper transcendental functions based on the microscopic magneto-mechanical coupling mechanism. From the perspective of microscopic mechanism, the nonlinear strain related to magnetic domain rotation results in magnetostrictive strain changing with the pre-stress among the elastic strains induced by the pre-stress. By comparison, the predicted stress-strain, magnetostrictive strain, magnetic induction and magnetization curves agreed well with experimental results under the different pre-stresses. The proposed model can describe not only the influences of pre-stress on magnetostrictive strain and magnetization curves, but also nonlinear magneto-mechanical coupling effect of magnetostrictive material systematically, such as the Young’s modulus varying with stress and magnetic field. In the proposed constitutive model, the key material constants are not chosen to obtain a good fit with the experimental data, but are measured directly by experiments, such as the saturation magnetization, saturation magnetostrictive coefficient, saturation Young’s modulus, linear magnetic susceptibility and so on. In addition, the forms of the new constitutive relations are simpler than the existing constitutive models. Therefore, this model could be applied conveniently in the engineering applications.     

EBSD Study of Microstructural and Textural Changes of Hot-Rolled Ti-6Al-4V Sheet After Annealing at 800 °C

In this paper, electron backscatter diffraction and various other characterization and analysis techniques including X-ray diffraction, electron channeling contrast imaging and energy-dispersive spectrometry were jointly employed to investigate microstructural and textural changes of a hot-rolled Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) sheet after annealing at 800 °C for 5 h. In addition, the hardness variation induced by the annealing treatment is rationalized based on revealed microstructural and textural characteristics. Results show that the TC4 sheet presents a typical dual-phase (α?+?β) microstructure, with α-Ti as the major phase and short-rod-shaped β-Ti (minority) uniformly distributed throughout the α matrix. Most of α grains correspond to the un-recrystallized structures with a typical rolling texture (c//TD and <11-20>//ND) and dense low angle boundaries (LABs). After the annealing, the stored energy in the as-received specimen is significantly reduced, along with greatly decreased LABs density. Also, the annealing allows recrystallization and grain growth to occur, leading to weakening of the initial texture. Furthermore, the water quenching immediately after the annealing triggers martensitic transformation, which makes the high-temperature β phases be transformed into submicron α plates. The hardness of the annealed specimen is 320.5 HV, lower than that (367.0 HV) of the as-received specimen, which could be attributed to reduced LABs, grain growth and weakened texture. Nevertheless, the hardening effect from the fine martensitic plates could help to suppress a drastic hardness drop.     

Dielectric,ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties in potassium sodium niobate ceramics with rhombohedral–orthorhombic and orthorhombic–tetragonal phase boundaries

A new phase boundary with rhombohedral–orthorhombic and orthorhombic–tetragonal phase boundaries is designed in (K_0.48Na_0.52)NbO₃ by adding Bi_0.5(Na_0.7K_0.2Li_0.1)_0.5ZrO₃ (BNKLZ), where Zr⁴⁺ and (BNKL)²⁺ are respectively used to improve the temperature of a rhombohedral phase and to decrease the temperature of an orthorhombic–tetragonal phase coexistence. These ceramics endure several continuous phase transitions with increasing BNKLZ content, i.e., an orthorhombic phase (0≤x<0.03), orthorhombic–tetragonal phases (x=0.03), orthorhombic–tetragonal and rhombohedral–orthorhombic (O–T and R–O) phase existence (0.03<x≤0.05), a rhombohedral phase (0.05<x≤0.07). The ceramics with O–T and R–O have a better piezoelectric behavior as compared with other phases because of more polarization states, enhanced ε_r and P_r, and a dense microstructure. Moreover, piezoelectric properties could be further optimized by modifying their sintering and poling temperatures. As a result, the construction of O–T and R–O phase coexistence benefits the improvement of piezoelectric properties in KNN-based ceramics.     

Effect of Surface State on Nodular Corrosion Resistance of Zircaloy-4 Alloy

The effect of surface state on the nodular corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4 alloy was investigated in superheated steam at 500 °C/10.3 MPa by autoclave tests. The microstructures of oxide films on the corroded specimens were observed by TEM and SEM. The results indicate that surface strained layer delays the appearance of nodular spots on the specimen surfaces and improves the nodular corrosion resistance. The columnar grains orientation of the oxide films formed on the specimens with surface strained layer was more consistent than that on the specimens without surface strained layer when a comparison was made on the same orientation of the grain surfaces. Such a kind of oxide microstructure formed on the specimens with surface strained layer can hinder the diffusion of oxygen ions along the grain boundaries and delay the growth of oxide films, therefore retard the formation process of nodular spots. This indicates that the microstructure of the initial oxide films has an important influence on the subsequent growth of the oxide films.     

九甸峡水利枢纽工程引水发电洞结构分析方法初探

目前国内对于压力隧洞的计算方法主要采用结构力学法和有限单元法，两种方法计算结果相差较大。针对九甸峡水利枢纽工程引水发电洞设计，根据不同的情况采用不同的结构分析方法，按照一次支护和二次支护步骤、计算确定喷锚支护参数、衬砌结构以及隧洞渗漏量等，取得了较好的结果。     

Synthesis,extraction, and adsorption properties of calix[4]arene‐poly(ethylene‐glycol) crosslinked polymer

Novel calix[4]arene‐poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinked polymer (CCP) has been synthesized by the polycondensation reaction between a p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene derivative and dihydroxyl capped poly(ethylene glycol) (DHPEG, M_n = 1000) catalyzed by neodymium tosylate. The hydrogel, consisted of 66.9% water and 33.1% CCP, can selectively extract aromatic organic molecules from aqueous solution according to the diameter of the guest molecules, which infers that the diameter of the calix[4]arene cavity is about 5.4 Å and the conformation of calix[4]arene units altered from cone conformation to 1,3‐alternate conformation during the polycondensation reaction. Furthermore, CCP can also adsorb naphthalene from gas phase, showing much higher capacity than active carbon does, which may have some potential applications in the field of separation and environment protection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

灯泡贯流式机组单机孤网运行的稳定

本文总结了灯泡贯流式机组在合川市地方电网中单机孤网运行的不稳定性。后经调整了电子液压调速器的部份参数,使单机孤网在各种运行工况下达到稳定,消除了发电机组受外界负荷扰动而引起的扩散性振荡问题。解决了停机频繁,引起社会不良反映的影响。     

外源补给型页岩气的发现及油气地质意义

野外调查发现,四川盆地及周缘五峰组内发育一套稳定的滑脱层,不仅厚度稳定（0.3~1.5 m）,而且产出层位特殊,可能为五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气主产层底部的一套高渗输导层。根据滑脱层对页岩气富集控制作用的差异,可将页岩气分为外源补给型和原位富集型,华地1井和新地2井页岩气的重大发现,初步证实了该划分方案的可操作性。钻探也证实,华地1井投资回本周期与现今页岩气探井投资回本周期相近,滑脱层产生的"面"连通油气输导能力可能高于现今页岩气水平井人工压裂产生的"线"连通油气输导能力。外源补给型页岩气富集规律不仅能解释现今页岩气勘探开发过程中发现的诸多理论问题,而且对其进行深入研究将有助于中国页岩气富集规律和复杂构造区内油气动态成藏机理研究。配套羽状水平井技术将攻克因页岩气水平井压裂导致成本高、环境污染严重的行业技术瓶颈,实现页岩气免压裂商业开发。