Microstructural Developments and Dielectric Properties of Rapid Thermally Processed PZT Thin Films Derived by Metallo-organic Decomposition

Microstructural developments and dielectric properties of lead zirconate titanate thin films (0.22 4mUm) with the composition Pb(Zr_0.53Ti_0.47)O₃ were studied. The films were prepared by metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) and rapid thermal processing (RTP) in the temperature range 475–825°C for 2 min in an oxygen gas flow with and without post-annealing. An amorphous–pyrochlore–perovskite phase transformation is indicated at or below 525°C RTF temperatures while a direct amorphous-to-perovskite phase transformation is indicated at higher RTP temperatures. A decrease in grain size with increasing temperature is correlated with an increase in and dominance of nucleation of perovskite sites. The best dielectric and fatigue properties were exhibited by films processed in the temperature range 725–775°C. Hysteresis loops tended toward squareness and polarization charges increased with increased temperature. Furthermore, 45% of the initial charge remained after 10⁹switching reversals. A degradation, however, was observed in both properties at higher temperatures.     

Screening for depression among women attending their family physicians.

In Study 1, 437 women (aged 18–65 yrs) who completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES–D) while visiting their family doctors and received a score of 10 or higher were interviewed. A cut-off score of 13 on the CES–D resulted in zero false negatives among Ss when a classification (i.e., depressed vs nondepressed), based on total CES–D scores, was compared with a classification of these Ss on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria. In Study 2, a screening instrument for depression was tested among 679 women (aged 18–65 yrs) attending their family doctors and whose score on the CES–D was 13 or higher. The screening instrument consisted of the CES–D items plus items measuring recent stressful life events and chronic difficulties, social supports, and personal and family history of psychiatric disorder. The inclusion of additional screening items did not meaningfully improve the detection of depressed Ss beyond the level provided by total scores on the CES–D. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Computer aided process planning with CMPP

This paper describes current work on an extensive CAPP system that consists of over 50,000 lines of FORTRAN code in 14 main programs and 7 datafiles. It in addition to process plans, CMPP generates shop drawings and tolerancing information. The authors current research with this system includes building an intelligent interface with CAD systems, an intelligent process plan generator and a tolerance chart generator.     

Power from salinity gradients

A large source of energy exists at the interface between water bodies of different salinities. Two techniques, pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis, appear to be promising entrees into this energy source. Although the present cost of membranes suitable to these methods is too high, a research and development effort should make this salinity gradient energy competitive with other energy sources.     

Distribution of psychologists in underserved areas: Changes over time, 1970–1981.

We describe characteristics of psychologist availability in rural, nonmetropolitan statistical areas in 1970 and 1981 to assess changes in distribution over time, using the listings in the Directory of the American Psychological Association (1970 and 1981 editions). The number of rural psychologists increased 97% from 1970 to 1981, increasing significantly in all regions. The number of psychologists overall in rural areas may be an overestimate of actual availability because of the large percentage of rural psychologists living in the relatively few rural counties with schools providing graduate degrees in psychology. Rural distribution lags that in metropolitan areas in every region. The relevance of findings is noted with regard to recent changes in Medicare reimbursement, proposed Minimum Health Care legislation, mental health needs and demographics in rural areas, personnel shortages, and rural psychologists' roles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychological differences among subtypes of schizophrenia.

Administered the WAIS, the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, associated test procedures, and complete neurological evaluations to 140 schizophrenic inpatients. These Ss were subdivided according to 3 criteria: paranoid vs nonparanoid, neurologically normal vs abnormal, and long-term vs short-term institutionalization. Comparisons between groups were made using 3 stepwise discriminant analyses. Although all of these analyses yielded percentages of correct classification that exceeded chance, the greatest accuracy by far was obtained for the long-term vs short-term institutionalization subdivision. Individual tests contributing the most discriminatory power varied from comparison to comparison, with a complex problem-solving test being the best discriminator in the long-term vs short-term comparison and a simple motor test the best discriminator in the other comparisons. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

IPS pini: The basis for interpopulational differences in pheromone biology

Ips pini from Idaho (ID) produce (–)-ipsdienol and respond to it in the laboratory.I. pini from New York (NY) produce (+) and (–)-ipsdienol in a 6535 ratio and respond much more strongly to the (+) than to the (–) enantiomer. Response byI. pini-ID to (–)-ipsdienol in the laboratory was inhibited by (+)-ipsdienol, while the field response byI. pini-NY was optimal to a 50:50 mixture of (+) and (–)-ipsdienol. This differential production and response to enantiomers of ipsdienol is sufficient to account for populational specificity observed in earlier experiments and confirmed by our current work. Reciprocal hybrids of the NY and IDI. pini populations did not differ in their patterns of attraction and response; those of both types of F₁ were similar to NY beetles. Thus, it appears that (+)-ipsdienol is produced by the hybrids and is necessary for their maximum response, but this supposition was not tested. The genes controlling the pheromone biology ofI. pini are not sex linked. Since previous whole-antenna and single-cell electrophysiological data show that the receptor systems of the two populations are virtually identical, response behavior seems to be governed by the central nervous system rather than by the characteristics of the olfactory receptors.Coleoptera: Scolytidae.Supported by grants from the Rockefeller Institute, the National Science Foundation, and the Research Foundation of Providence, Rhode Island.     

Effect of Impurities on the Strength of Polycrystalline Magnesia and Alumina

The bending strength of pure and alloyed magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide was studied. The magnesium oxide was doped with nickel oxide and cobalt oxide, both of which form a complete series of solid solutions with magnesia. The aluminum oxide was doped with ferric oxide which has limited solid solubility in aluminum oxide, with titanium dioxide which also has limited solid solubility in alumina, and with chromic oxide which forms a complete series of solid solutions with alumina. The modulus of rupture was corrected to a standard grain size and porosity to determine the intrinsic effects of the impurities on the modulus of rupture. The results indicate that the formation of NiO-MgO and Coo-MgO solid solutions increases the strength of MgO. The formation of Cr₂O₃-Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃, and TiO₂-Al₂O₃ solid solutions, however, has no intrinsic effect on the strength of sintered alumina.     

Classical and operant factors in the treatment of a school phobia.

To the best of our knowledge, this report is the 1st to recognize the advantages of employing both classical and operant conditioning procedures in the treatment of a neurotic case. A model which appeared to have heuristic value was developed: When avoidance behavior is motivated by high levels of anxiety, classical counterconditioning techniques are called for; when anxiety is minimal, and avoidance behavior is seemingly maintained by various secondary reinforcers, operant strategies should be applied. Furthermore, this paper indicates that the practice of interchanging therapists not only failed to disrupt or impede therapeutic progress but had certain distinct advantages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis of multistriatin enantiomers and their action onScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera:Scolytidae)

A pheromone mixture containing enantiomerically pure (–)--multistriatin of known absolute configuration prepared by total synthesis was found to be as attractive as the natural pheromone to the smaller European elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, a vector of Dutch elm disease. Its (+)-enantiomer, on the other hand, was no more active than controls in both laboratory and field tests, and at high levels it appeared to inhibit the response to the (–)-enantiomer.