Experimentelle Arbeiten russischer Mediziner an der Leipziger Universität in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts

The aim of the treatise is the proof of educational stays of Russian physicians at the university of Leipzig in the second half of the 19th century. At that time famous scholars of the university of Leipzig like Carl Ludwig, Paul Flechsig,Wilhelm His, Julius Cohnheim and Felix Marchand made an important contribution to the development of physiology, pathology, physiological chemistry and pharmacology.Therefore their institutes were attended by many student trainees.Among them were a lot of Russian physicians too.They went to Leipzig with fellowships from their government to prepare themselves for a professorship in Russia. A bibliography of their experimental works is given.The findings are based on an investigation in German medical magazines.

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Wir danken der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Bonn für die Unterstützung dieser Arbeit, die im Rahmen des Projektes ,,Deutsch-russische Beziehungen in Medizin und Naturwissenschaften im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert“ angefertigt wurde.     

Do we care about the environment?

The media are full of concern for environmental problems, and public complaints about the state of the environment have multiplied within the last decade. Yet in most countries of Western Europe we have elaborate systems to plan, design, and control this environment; we depict vividly the dangers which beset it; we launch campaigns for the protection of our architectural heritage and for the preservation of natural reserves. All this results in a widespread acceptance of the need for a high priority for environmental questions. But still our environment seems to deteriorate more and more, which indicates that this professed priority does not determine the actual decisions affecting the environment.     

The reiteration effect in hindsight bias.

Repetition of an assertion increases the degree of belief in that assertion. This reiteration effect is used to explain two puzzling findings in research on hindsight bias. First, the reiteration effect explains the asymmetry in hindsight bias for true and false assertions. This striking asymmetry has often been observed in experimental studies, but no rationale has yet been found. Second, the reiteration effect predicts a novel finding: Recalled confidence will increase in hindsight bias studies even if no feedback is given. The authors have checked both predictions against results reported in the literature; with some exceptions, the evidence supports them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity.

In Studies 1 and 2, after reading an acquaintance-rape but not a stranger-rape scenario, higher benevolent sexist but not hostile sexist participants blamed the victim significantly more. In Study 2, higher hostile sexist but not benevolent sexist male participants showed significantly greater proclivity to commit acquaintance (but not stranger) rape. Studies 3 and 4 supported the hypothesis that the effects of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are mediated by different perceptions of the victim, as behaving inappropriately and as really wanting sex with the rapist. These findings show that benevolent sexism and hostile sexism underpin different assumptions about women that generate sexist reactions toward rape victims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Easy sets and hard certificate schemes

Can easy sets only have easy certificate schemes? In this paper, we study the class of sets that, for all NP certificate schemes (i.e., NP machines), always have easy acceptance certificates (i.e., accepting paths) that can be computed in polynomial time. We also study the class of sets that, for all NP certificate schemes, infinitely often have easy acceptance certificates. In particular, we provide equivalent characterizations of these classes in terms of relative generalized Kolmogorov complexity, showing that they are robust. We also provide structural conditions – regarding immunity and class collapses – that put upper and lower bounds on the sizes of these two classes. Finally, we provide negative results showing that some of our positive claims are optimal with regard to being relativizable. Our negative results are proven using a novel observation: We show that the classical “wide spacing” oracle construction technique yields instant non-bi-immunity results. Furthermore, we establish a result that improves upon Baker, Gill, and Solovay's classical result that holds in some relativized world. Received: 12 January 1996 / 9 January 1997     

Time Bounded Frequency Computations

(1) We obtain two new results concerning the inclusion problem of polynomial time frequency classes with equal numbers of errors. 1. (m, m+d) P(m+1, m+d+1) Pform<2^d. 2. (m, m+d) P=(m+1, m+d+1) Pformc(d) wherec(d) is large enough. This disproves a conjecture of Kinber. (2) We give a transparent proof of a generalization of Kinber's result that there exist arbitrarily complex problems admitting a polynomial time frequency computation. Several corollaries provide more insight into the structure of the hierarchy of polynomial time frequency classes. (3) The relationships between polynomial time frequency classes and selectivity classes are studied.     

An anthropomorphic controlled hand prosthesis system

Based on HIT/DLR(Harbin Institute of Technology/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt) Prosthetic Hand II,an anthropomorphic controller is developed to help the amputees use and perceive the prosthetic hands more like people with normal physiological hands.The core of the anthropomorphic controller is a hierarchical control system.It is composed of a top controller and a low level controller.The top controller has been designed both to interpret the amputee’s intensions through electromyography(EMG) signals recognition and to provide the subject-prosthesis interface control with electro-cutaneous sensory feedback(ESF),while the low level controller is responsible for grasp stability.The control strategies include the EMG control strategy,EMG and ESF closed loop control strategy,and voice control strategy.Through EMG signal recognition,10 types of hand postures are recognized based on support vector machine(SVM).An anthropomorphic closed loop system is constructed to include the customer,sensory feedback system,EMG control system,and the prosthetic hand,so as to help the amputee perform a more successful EMG grasp.Experimental results suggest that the anthropomorphic controller can be used for multi-posture recognition,and that grasp with ESF is a cognitive dual process with visual and sensory feedback.This process while outperforming the visual feedback process provides the concept of grasp force magnitude during manipulation of objects.