Aspekte zur Schadensverhütung und Risikobetrachtung in der chemischen Industrie

Aspects of loss prevention and consideration of risks in the chemical industry . When dealing with questions of safety and loss prevention, a distinction must be made between the terms danger, safety, source of danger, and risk. Relevant sources of danger are tabulated. The risk in breakdowns is discussed at length in terms of the factors incidence rate and damaging effect with the aid of recent literature. Access to incidence rates is provided by logic diagrams which are of great value on a qualitative basis for loss prevention. The basic requirements for a quantitative treatment are considered and the problems arising with quantitative results are discussed. Loss prevention can be achieved by reducing incidence rates and/or damaging effects.     

Meteorologische Probleme bei der Bestimmung von Schornstein-Mindesthöhen

Meteorological problems in determining minimum stack height . In the Federal Republic of Germany the minimum stack height must be determined with the aid of the “TA Luft” code. The method of determination has been developed with a number of simplifications concerning constancy and homogeneity of emission data, meteorological parameters, and topographical structure. The influences of these simplifications are discussed, and improved methods of determining necessary stack heights are described.     

Die Unterscheidung von Eisenkarbid und Eisenphosphid durch Ätzen

Elektrolytisches Ätzen mit Natronlauge von Eisenkarbid Fe₃C und Eisenphosphid Fe₃P. Ermittlung der geeigneten Alkalikonzentration und des günstigsten Ätzpotentials.     

Untersuchung von Phasenumwandlungen in reinen Eisenlegierungen mit der magnetischen Waage

Suszeptibilitätsmessungen an eisenreichen Zweistoff- und Dreistofflegierungen bei Temperaturen bis 1400 °C. Ermittlung der Grenzen des Zweiphasengebietes in den Systemen Eisen–Silizium, Eisen–Phosphor, Eisen–Titan, Eisen–Nickel und Eisen–Silizium–Kohlenstoff. Berechnung thermodynamischer Größen aus den ermittelten Phasengrenzen und Vergleich dieser Werte mit Angaben aus dem Schrifttum.     

Numerical Diagnosis Using ``Statrules'

In some cases disease causes widespread changes in a number of physical and chemical indexes, without any one index being grossly altered. The difficulty inherent in evaluating numerous small changes may obscure the diagnosis, even though it is conclusive. We show that subtle patterns of change may be recognized using marked cards. These consist of a ``patient data card' on which is typed a number of scales, each representing one of the measurements, and a ``statrule' card which contains the statistics for these measurements for the diseases of concern. These cards implement procedures often used in studies of numerical diagnosis made with digital computers. The statistical basis of statrules is discussed in the first part of the paper using primarily a geometric point of view. The second part of the paper shows how to use and construct statrules.     

Die Phosphorgehalte im Eisen unter Schlacken des Systems CaO–FeOn–P2O5–SiO2 bei 1600°C

Phosphorgehalte im flüssigen Eisen bei entmischten silikophosphatgesättigten Schlacken. Schaubild für die Phosphorgehalte des Eisenbades im System Fe–CaO–FeO_n–P₂O₅–SiO₂. Einfluβ der Kieselsäure auf das Gleichgewicht der Entphosphorung. Metallurgische Betrachtungen über die Phosphorgehalte im Eisen unter phosphatischen Stahlwerksschlacken.     

Single-molecule reader for high-throughput bioanalysis

We report here the development of a device for single-molecule imaging on large surface areas. A CCD camera operated in time delay and integration mode is synchronized with the movement of a sample scanning stage, enabling continuous data acquisition. Experiments on single fluorescent lipid molecules in supported lipid bilayers and on stained living cells demonstrate the capabilities of the method. Areas of up to 5 x 5 mm(2) were recorded within 11 min at a pixel size of 129 nm.     

Enantiomer separations in capillary electrophoresis in the case of equal binding constants of the enantiomers with a chiral selector: commentary on the feasibility of the concept

It is generally acknowledged that enantiomer separations in capillary electrophoresis are based on differences in the affinities of the analyte enantiomers toward the chiral selector expressed as equilibrium constants of the resulting temporary diastereomeric associates. However, as can be derived from theoretical considerations, a separation of enantiomers by CE is in principle also possible solely based on differences in the mobilities of the temporary diastereomeric complexes per se, when equal binding constants between analyte enantiomers and the chiral selector are assumed and observed.