Anti-spam legislation: An analysis of laws and their effectiveness

More than half of worldwide e-mail traffic (an estimated total of several billion e-mails per day) consists of spam. This is becoming a considerable disturbance to telecommunications. Spam is also closely related to other kinds of cybercrime as it possibly contains malicious software or is pursuing some kind of fraudulent aim such as phishing. As well as technical and organizational measures, many countries have introduced anti-spam legislation. However, today's worldwide legislative coverage of spam is heterogeneous, and its effectiveness is discussed controversially. This article describes important parameters by which anti-spam legislation can vary and gives an overview and analysis of worldwide anti-spam legislation, including the European Directive 2002/58/EC and the United States CANSPAM Act 2003, and international cooperation, such as the London Action Plan. The article then proceeds to discuss the effectiveness of current laws and identifies problems resulting from the fact that an international phenomenon is being addressed by national legislation. Finally, the article presents suggestions for overcoming some of these problems.     

New bin packing fast lower bounds

In this paper, we address the issue of computing fast lower bounds for the Bin Packing problem, i.e., bounds that have a computational complexity dominated by the complexity of ordering the items by non-increasing values of their volume. We introduce new classes of fast lower bounds with improved asymptotic worst-case performance compared to well-known results for similar computational effort. Experimental results on a large set of problem instances indicate that the proposed bounds reduce both the deviation from the optimum and the computational effort.     

Combined remote-sensing,model, and in situ measurements of sea surface temperature as an aid to recreational navigation: crossing the Gulf Stream

Combined in situ, model, and satellite remote-sensing observations are used to determine the location of the Gulf Stream as an aid to safe navigation for small recreational vessels.

A field study was executed from Hamilton, Bermuda, to Virginia Beach, USA, over a period of 5 days, from 30 June 2010 to 4 July 2010 to test the feasibility of using remote-sensing products as an aid to cross the Gulf Stream from the point of view of a small, slow-moving (?6 knots, 3 m s^?1) sailboat. The in situ data collected were compared to NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) remote-sensing data, to the Global High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) microwave and infrared blended data set, to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Real-Time Ocean Forecast System (NOAARTOFS) ocean model, and to selected NOAA buoy and ship measurements.

A spatio-temporal analysis was performed by comparing the in situ measurements with observations retrieved at the same time and location in each of the data sets. The least error (correlation coefficient r?=?0.94) was obtained using MODIS data, and the largest error (r?=?0.78) was obtained using the RTOFS model data. Overall, most observations agree with the general spatio-temporal trend of the in situ data, with 95% of the errors within ±1°C and 98% of the errors within ±2°C.

The study shows that MODIS data are particularly suited to identification of the location of the Gulf Stream, which can be used by small vessels to optimize the crossing route and to minimize the risks associated with the passage.     

Glycerol Ethers Production and Engine Performance with Diesel/Ethers Blend

Spherical silica supported Hyflon^® catalysts (SSHC) were developed to produce ethers from glycerol by etherification reaction with isobutene. SSHC allowed to obtain yields to di- and tri-ethers, suitable as additives or components for diesel fuels, higher than that obtained with A-15 commercial catalyst, and a concentration of undesired mono-ether (not soluble in diesel) lower than 3 wt%. The novel catalysts investigated were found stable and easily reusable; their low acid site density prevented the occurrence of oligomerization reaction accounting for di-isobutene formation. Engine tests performed using a blend containing 10 vol% of glycerol ethers mixture confirmed the positive role of additives in reducing emissions of particulates and unburned hydrocarbons with significant improvement of diesel combustion efficiency.     

An optimal decision-making approach for the management of radiotherapy patients

In this paper, novel integer programming formulations are developed for solving the optimal scheduling of patients waiting for radiotherapy treatment. In this specific clinical domain, the suitable management and control of a patients’ waiting list strongly affect both the quality of the therapeutical outcome, in terms of effectiveness, and the cost-saving use of the overall therapeutical resources, in terms of efficiency. The proposed models allow the best scheduling strategy to be devised by taking into account the quality of the health care service offered to the patient as well as the status and the preferences of the patient. The computational experiments, carried out on realistic scenarios and considering real data, are very promising and show the efficiency and robustness of the proposed models to address the problem under consideration.     

Push &; Pull: autonomous deployment of mobile sensors for a complete coverage

Mobile sensor networks are important for several strategic applications devoted to monitoring critical areas. In such hostile scenarios, sensors cannot be deployed manually and are either sent from a safe location or dropped from an aircraft. Mobile devices permit a dynamic deployment reconfiguration that improves the coverage in terms of completeness and uniformity. In this paper we propose a distributed algorithm for the autonomous deployment of mobile sensors called Push & Pull. According to our proposal, movement decisions are made by each sensor on the basis of locally available information and do not require any prior knowledge of the operating conditions or any manual tuning of key parameters. We formally prove that, when a sufficient number of sensors are available, our approach guarantees a complete and uniform coverage. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the algorithm execution always terminates preventing movement oscillations. Numerous simulations show that our algorithm reaches a complete coverage within reasonable time with moderate energy consumption, even when the target area has irregular shapes. Performance comparisons between Push & Pull and one of the most acknowledged algorithms show how the former one can efficiently reach a more uniform and complete coverage under a wide range of working scenarios.     

The electronic structure of oxide-supported tungsten oxide catalysts as studied by UV spectroscopy

The UV spectra of tungsten oxide catalysts supported on alumina, titania and zirconia, and on titania–alumina and titania–zirconia mixed oxides are reported and discussed. Evidence is provided for the different electronic structure of supports and catalysts, which could affect the behavior of the tungsten oxide centres in the different cases. On alumina, tungsten oxide centres are “isolated” by the insulating support, while on titania-based materials they are likely in electronic contact with each other and with Ti centres through the support conduction band. In the case of WOx2013;ZrO₂, the 5d levels of tungsten ions fall just below of the lower energy limit of the support conduction band. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.