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71.
Xianqin Meng Guillaume Gomard Ounsi El Daif Emmanuel Drouard Regis Orobtchouk Anne Kaminski Alain Fave Mustapha Lemiti Alexei Abramov Pere Roca i Cabarrocas Christian Seassal 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2011
In this paper, we present the integration of an absorbing photonic crystal within a thin-film photovoltaic solar cell. Optical simulations performed on a complete solar cell revealed that patterning the hydrogenated amorphous silicon active layer as a 2D photonic crystal membrane enabled to increase its integrated absorption by 28 % between 300 and 720 nm, comparing to a similar but unpatterned stack. In order to fabricate such promising cells, we developed a high throughput process based on holographic lithography and reactive ion etching. The influences of the parameters taking part in those processes on the obtained patterns are discussed. Optical measurements performed on the resulting “photonized” solar cell structures underline the regularity of the 2D pattern and a significant absorption increase above 550 nm, similarly to what is observed on the simulated absorption spectra. Moreover, our patterned cells are found to be robust with regards to the angle of incidence of the light. 相似文献
72.
Guillaume Pichavant Daniel Beysens Denis Chatain Daniel Communal Clément Lorin Alain Mailfert 《Microgravity science and technology》2011,23(2):129-133
A ground based facility (OLGA), providing magnetic compensation of gravity in oxygen, has been developed. A 2-T superconducting
magnetic solenoid is used to create the required magnetic field. A novel electrical supply permits to quickly vary the magnetic
field, leading to rapid variation of the acceleration forces applied to oxygen. These variations can be made from overcompensation
of gravity (−0.5g) to zero gravity or from zero gravity to reduced gravity (0.4g) with a time constant of 340 ms. This time is typical of the cutoff or reignition of spacecraft engines. Preliminary results
on the transient flows induced by these acceleration variations in a reservoir filled with liquid and gaseous oxygen are presented. 相似文献
73.
Olivier Terraz Guillaume Guimberteau Stéphane Mérillou Dimitri Plemenos Djamchid Ghazanfarpour 《The Visual computer》2009,25(2):165-180
In this paper an extension of L-systems is proposed, based on three-dimensional (3D) generalized maps that allow an easier
control of the internal structure of 3D objects. A first and original application of this extension is also proposed: wood
modelling by growth simulation. Numerous other applications of our work are possible, in the area of computer graphics, as
well as in botanical science. 相似文献
74.
Helen Reveron Laurent Blanchard Yann Vitupier Emmanuelle Rivière Guillaume Bonnefont Gilbert Fantozzi 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2011,31(4):645-652
Many space systems such as satellite mirrors and their supporting structures require to be made from very low-thermal expansion materials combining both high hydrostability and relatively high mechanical properties. In this study, we have applied the “composite concept” in order to explore the possibility of fabricating near zero thermal expansion silicon nitride based ceramics. Consequently, a negative thermal expansion material belonged to the lithium aluminosilicate family (LAS powder crystallized under de β-eucryptite structure) was introduced in an alpha-silicon nitride fine powder (5 and 20 vol% of LAS) and the resulting composite system was sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1400 and 1500 °C. In the case of 20 vol% LAS compositions, relatively well-densified ceramics (94.4% of the theoretical density) were produced without adding any further sintering additive. The addition of yttria and alumina oxides allowed enhancing the densification level up to 98.2% (20 vol% LAS compositions) or from 62.3% up to 96.7% of the theoretical density in 5 vol% LAS materials. Nevertheless, it was impossible to full consolidate silicon nitride/LAS composite ceramics at temperatures lower than the temperature at which β-eucryptite melts, even by using SPS technology. Moreover, because of the relatively low temperatures involved in SPS, the α to β-Si3N4 transformation was avoided, resulting in microstructures composed of fine equiaxed α-Si3N4 grains (<200 nm) and of a glassy phase. Even if the effect of having a very large negative thermal expansion material was lost during the sintering step (because of the β-eucryptite melting), ceramics containing only 20 vol% of LAS-based phase exhibited very interesting values as regards of mechanical properties (strength, hardness, toughness, and Young's modulus), thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient. We discuss in this work why we are so interested in developing dense silicon nitride/LAS ceramics sintered without any further additive addition, even though β-eucryptite is melted during the process and the transformation to the β phase is avoided. 相似文献
75.
Amédée Djemai Etienne Balan Guillaume Morin Giancarlo Hernandez Jean Claude Labbe Jean Pierre Muller 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2001,84(5):1017-1024
Kaolinites with various degrees of structural order and iron content were heated and subsequently analyzed via electron paramagnetic resonance. Iron was present in two different states in the heated materials, either as dilute structural Fe3+ ions or in concentrated Fe3+ phases. During metakaolinization, the environment of dilute Fe3+ ions changed, following modifications of the Al3+ coordination, and the Fe3+ concentration increased. With the breakdown of metakaolinite, the diffusion of Fe3+ ions induced their exsolution in superparamagnetic iron-rich domains (Fe3+ clusters in γ-Al2 O3 and/or Fe3+ oxide nanophases), which produced a decrease in the dilute Fe3+ concentration. The subsequent breakdown of γ-Al2 O3 and the formation of mullite made the dilute Fe3+ concentration increase again, because of the incorporation of Fe3+ ions in the mullite structure. 相似文献
76.
Mathias Dietrich Guillaume Delaittre James P. Blinco Andrew J. Inglis Michael Bruns Christopher Barner‐Kowollik 《Advanced functional materials》2012,22(2):304-312
The nitrile imine‐mediated tetrazole‐ene cycloaddition reaction (NITEC) is introduced as a powerful and versatile conjugation tool to covalently ligate macromolecules onto variable (bio)surfaces. The NITEC approach is initiated by UV irradiation and proceeds rapidly at ambient temperature yielding a highly fluorescent linkage. Initially, the formation of block copolymers by the NITEC methodology is studied to evidence its efficacy as a macromolecular conjugation tool. The grafting of polymers onto inorganic (silicon) and bioorganic (cellulose) surfaces is subsequently carried out employing the optimized reaction conditions obtained from the macromolecular ligation experiments and evidenced by surface characterization techniques, including X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FT‐IR microscopy. In addition, the patterned immobilization of variable polymer chains onto profluorescent cellulose is achieved through a simple masking process during the irradiation. 相似文献
77.
Both, the normal strength concretes (NSC) and high strength concretes (HSC) have been used in structures which may be exposed to elevated temperatures. Concretes have also been used in the construction of radiation shielding structures. Data on the behaviour of concrete at high temperature is of prime concern in predicting the constructions and safety of buildings in response to certain accidents or particular service conditions. Prediction of mechanical behaviour, thermo-mechanical deformations and moisture migration in non-uniformly heated concrete is important for safe operation of concrete containment.This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to predict the behaviour of concrete intended for nuclear applications. For this purpose, normal concrete having compressive strength of 40 MPa was designed using limestone aggregates. Cylindrical specimens (110 mm × 22 mm) were made and subjected to heating-cooling cycles at 110, 210 and 310 °C. Measurements were taken for thermal gradient, mass loss, deformations, residual mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and porosity. This investigation developed some important data on the properties of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures up to 310 °C. Comparisons and interesting conclusions were drawn about the thermal stability at high temperature and the residual mechanical properties of the tested concrete. 相似文献
78.
Joffrey Viguier Damien Bourreau Jean-François Bocquet Guillaume Pot Laurent Bléron Jean-Denis Lanvin 《Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff》2017,75(4):527-541
This study proposes a model using data from a scanner (X-ray and grain angle measurements) to perform strength grading. The research also includes global measurements of modulus of elasticity (obtained by vibrations and ultrasound methods), static bending stiffness and bending strength of 805 boards of Douglas fir and 437 boards of spruce. This model can be used in an industrial context since it requires low computational time. The results of this study show that the developed model gives better results than the global non-destructive measurements of the elastic modulus commonly used in the industry. It also shows that this improvement is particularly higher in the case of Douglas fir than for spruce. The comparison has been made on both the quality of the mechanical properties assessment and on the improvement of the grading process according to the European standards by using different index. 相似文献
79.
We analyze the determinants of the real price of crude oil by means of an equilibrium correction model over the last two decades where we focus on the aspects of the physical market that impact on the clearing price. We find that two cointegrating relations affect the changes in prices: one refers to OPEC's behavior, attempting to control prices using its market power and quotas; the other to the coverage rate of OECD expected future demand using inventory behaviors. We derive a forecasting equation for the change in oil prices which we use to assess the speculative elements of the price increases of the period 2000–05. We show that worries alien to the physical markets were the causes of the increase in oil prices and we quantify their overall impact. 相似文献
80.