Poisson's probability‐based Q‐Routing techniques for message forwarding in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are intermittently connected infrastructure less wireless networks. There is no continuous end‐to‐end connection between the sender and the receiver, and hence nodes follow a store‐carry‐forward mechanism. The routing algorithm is required to be adaptive to the changing topology of the network. In this work, Q‐Routing technique has been used with forwarding probability and incorporated using Poisson's probability for decision making and controlling transmission energy. The algorithm refines the forwarding decision of finding the next suitable hop by exploiting the characteristics of nodes such as daily routines, mobility pattern, etc. In simulations, the performance of PBQ‐Routing is compared with Q‐Routing, Epidemic Routing, PRoPHET (Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity), and HBPR (History Based Prediction Routing) for OppNets. The use of Poisson's distribution improves the effectiveness of the probabilistic forwarding decision. The findings show that the delivery probability of PBQ‐Routing almost gets doubled and overhead ratio reduces to half in comparison with that of Q‐Routing when used in OppNets. PBQ‐Routing outperforms other Q‐Routing based algorithms over Poisson's distribution. As there is less replication in case of PBQ‐Routing, it also saves the transmission energy.     

Dimerisation of the Yeast K+ Translocation Protein Trk1 Depends on the K+ Concentration

In baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Trk1, a member of the superfamily of K-transporters (SKT), is the main K⁺ uptake system under conditions when its concentration in the environment is low. Structurally, Trk1 is made up of four domains, each similar and homologous to a K-channel α subunit. Because most K-channels are proteins containing four channel-building α subunits, Trk1 could be functional as a monomer. However, related SKT proteins TrkH and KtrB were crystallised as dimers, and for Trk1, a tetrameric arrangement has been proposed based on molecular modelling. Here, based on Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation experiments and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy combined with molecular modelling; we provide evidence that Trk1 can exist in the yeast plasma membrane as a monomer as well as a dimer. The association of monomers to dimers is regulated by the K⁺ concentration.     

Modification of polypropylene through intercrosslinking graft copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol): Synthesis and characterization

Modification of polypropylene (PP) has been successfully carried out through intercrosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), by chemical graft copolymerization method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as radical initiator. Prior to grafting, PP was irradiated by gamma rays at a constant dose rate of 3.40 kGy/h to introduce hydroperoxide groups. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting were evaluated as a function of different reaction parameters. Maximum percentage ofgrafting of PVA (75%) was obtained at [BPO] = 5.51 × 10^?2 mol/L in 120 min at 70°C using 15 mL of water. Characterization of pristine PP and PP‐g‐PVA was carried out by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron micrography. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary, and quaternary solvent systems comprising of water, ethanol (EtOH), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in different ratios. Maximum swelling values of PP‐g‐PVA (both composite and true graft) was observed in pure DMSO followed by DMF, EtOH, and water and it was also higher than that observed in mixed solvent system. Water retention studies of pristine PP and PP‐g‐PVA (both composite and true graft) were investigated at different time periods, temperature, and pH. Maximum % water retention of PP‐g‐PVA (composite) (108%) was observed in 8 h at 50°C in neutral medium (pH = 7). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Synthesis and characterization of polypropylene‐grafted gelatin

Modification of polypropylene (PP) has been successfully carried out by graft copolymerization of gelatin, by chemical method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as radical initiator. PP was preirradiated by gamma rays at a constant dose rate of 3.40 kGy/h before grafting to introduce hydroperoxide groups. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting were evaluated as a function of different reaction parameters. Maximum percentage of grafting of gelatin (115%) was obtained at BPO concentration = 4.132 × 10^?2 mol/L in 120 min at 70°C using 30 mL of water. Characterization of PP‐g‐gelatin was carried out through FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary, and quaternary solvent systems comprising distilled water, ethanol, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in different ratios. Maximum swelling of PP‐g‐gelatin (both composite and true graft) was observed in pure solvents that is, DMSO followed by DMF, ethanol, and water and was higher than that observed in the mixed solvent system. Water retention studies of unmodified PP, that is, pristine PP and PP‐g‐gelatin (both composite and true graft) were investigated at different time periods, temperatures and pH. Maximum % water retention for PP‐g‐gelatin (composite; 170%) was observed in 8 h at 50°C in neutral medium (pH = 7). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Synergistic enhancement of mechanical,viscoelastic, transport,thermal, and radiation aging characteristics through chemically bonded interface in nanosilica reinforced EPDM-CIIR blends

The study investigates the influence of bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) grafted nanosilica (NS) reinforcement on the mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal, and transport characteristics as well as behavior after exposure to different cumulative γ-radiation doses of EPDM-CIIR blends for application in nuclear and hydrocarbon environments. The tensile strength and modulus of the nanocomposites were enhanced upto 64% and 118%, respectively whereas solvent diffusion coefficient reduced by 22%. The degradation onset temperature improved from 485°C for unfilled blends to 503°C for the nanocomposites. γ-radiation aging resistance of EPDM-CIIR blends improved with incorporation of nanosilica, with blends containing 7.5phrNS showing optimum properties and radiation aging resistance. The property improvements are attributed to the dispersion of NS and chemically interfaced covalent linkages between SiO₂-EPDM/CIIR chains that provides large interfacial area for effective stress transfer and creates barrier to free radical and solvent permeation. The applicability of Korsmeyer-Peppas, Peppas-Sahlin, and Higuchi models to predict of sorption behavior are investigated. Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger models were employed to evaluate the activation energy for thermal degradation. Slight decline in properties at higher nanofiller contents was due to the formation of agglomerates. TEM, FTIR, and rheological curves were utilized to corroborate these observations. FTIR and ESR analysis provided insight on the chemical changes in the nanocomposites after irradiation.     

Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels for organic dye removal from water

The ability of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm), and pNIPAm-co-acrylic acid (pNIPAm-co-AAc) microgels to remove an organic azo dye molecule, 4-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthylazo) benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (Orange II) from aqueous solutions at both room and elevated temperature was assessed. At room temperature, we found that the amount of Orange II removed from water (removal efficiency) increased with increasing AAc and microgel concentration. The removal of Orange II from water was also fit by a Langmuir sorption isotherm model. Furthermore, we found the extent of Orange II removal depended on solution temperature; more Orange II was removed from water at elevated temperature and as the microgels were held at that temperature for longer durations of time. Additionally, by increasing the cycles between high and ambient temperature, the removal of Orange II was enhanced, although this was only true for two temperature cycles. We hypothesize that this is a result of the thermoresponsive nature of pNIPAm-based microgels which deswell at elevated temperature expelling their solvating water and when the microgels are cooled back down they reswell with the Orange II containing water. We also hypothesize that the microgels become saturated after the second heating cycle and so the efficiency of removal did not increase further. Finally, we assessed the ability of the microgels to retain the Orange II after it is removed from the aqueous solution. We determined that the microgels "leak" 25.6% of the Orange II that was originally removed from the water.     

Synthesis,characterisation and anti‐tumour activity of biopolymer based platinum nanoparticles and 5‐fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles

A facile and green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles [gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles (GKPtNP)] using biopolymer‐ gum kondagogu was developed. The formation of GKPtNP was confirmed by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The formed GKPtNP are well dispersed, homogeneous with a size of 2–4 ± 0.50 nm, having a negative zeta potential (−46.1 mV) indicating good stability. 5‐Fluorouracil (5FU) was loaded onto the synthesised GKPtNP, which leads to the development of a new combination of nanomedicine (5FU–GKPtNP). The in vitro drug release studies of 5FU–GKPtNP in pH 7.4 showed a sustained release profile over a period of 120 min. Agrobacterium tumefaciens induced in vitro potato tumour bioassay was employed for screening the anti‐tumour potentials of GKPtNP, 5FU, and 5FU–GKPtNP. The experimental results suggested a complete tumour inhibition by 5FU–GKPtNP at a lower concentration than the GKPtNP and 5FU. Furthermore, the mechanism of anti‐tumour activity was assessed by their interactions with DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV‐spectroscopic analysis. The electrophoresis results revealed that the 5FU–GKPtNP totally diminishes DNA and the UV‐spectroscopic analysis showed a hyperchromic effect with red shift indicating intercalation type of binding with DNA. Over all, the present study revealed that the combined exposure of the nanoformulation resulted in the enhanced anti‐tumour effect. Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, biomedical materials, tumours, ultraviolet spectra, DNA, drugs, electrophoresis, polymers, platinum, pH, drug delivery systems, biochemistry, X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, molecular biophysics, electrokinetic effects, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cancer, nanofabrication, visible spectra, nanomedicine, Fourier transform infrared spectra, materials preparationOther keywords: 5FU–GKPtNP, 5‐fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles, gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles, antitumour activity, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, biopolymer‐based platinum nanoparticles, biopolymer‐based platinum nanoparticles, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, nanomedicine, in vitro drug release studies, sustained release profile, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in vitro potato tumour bioassay, tumour inhibition, tumour activity, agarose gel electrophoresis, UV‐spectroscopic analysis, DNA, time 120.0 min, Pt     

Human-vision-based real-time stereopsis

The progression in the field of stereoscopic imaging has resulted in impressive 3D videos. This technology is now used for commercial and entertainment purposes and sometimes even for medical applications. Currently, it is impossible to produce quality anaglyph video using a single camera under different moving and atmospheric conditions with the corresponding depth, local colour, and structural information. The proposed study challenges the previous researches by introducing single camera based method for anaglyph reconstruction and it mainly concentrates on human visual perception, where as the previous methods used dual camera, depth sensor, multi view, which demand not only long duration they also suffer from photometric distortion due to variation in angular alignment. This study also contributes clear individual image without any occlusion with another image. We use an approach based on human vision to determine the corresponding depth information. The source frames are shifted slightly in opposite directions as the distance between the pupils increases. We integrate the colour components of the shifted frames to generate contrasting colours for each one of the marginally shifted frames. The colour component images are then reconstructed as a cyclopean image. We show the results of our method by applying it to quickly varying video sequences and compare its performance to other existing methods.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Characterization of Squeeze Cast AM50 Magnesium Alloys

Squeeze casting of magnesium alloys potentially can be used in lightweight chassis components such as control arms and knuckles. This study documents the microstructural analysis and corrosion behavior of AM50 alloys squeeze cast at different pressures between 40 and 120 MPa and compares them with high-pressure die cast (HPDC) AM50 alloy castings and an AM50 squeeze cast prototype control arm. Although the corrosion rates of the squeeze cast samples are slightly higher than those observed for the HPDC AM50 alloy, the former does produce virtually porosity-free castings that are required for structural applications like control arms and wheels. This outcome is extremely encouraging as it provides an opportunity for additional alloy and process development by squeeze casting that has remained relatively unexplored for magnesium alloys compared with aluminum. Among the microstructural parameters analyzed, it seems that the β-phase interfacial area, indicating a greater degree of β network, leads to a lower corrosion rate. Weight loss was the better method for determining corrosion behavior in these alloys that contain a large fraction of second phase, which can cause perturbations to an overall uniform surface corrosion behavior.