A study on the deposition of pyrolytic carbons from hydrocarbons

A new method for forming isotropic, laminar, and columnar pyrolytic carbons is proposed. For this, a low RPM (below 2.4 rpm) tumbling bed has been used to deposit pyrolytic carbons from hydrocarbon gases. All deposits were made on graphite substrates from propane and methane at a constant temperature of 1200°C. The microstructures of the pyrolytic carbons deposited were dependent on the flow pattern of the reactant gas, the rpm of the reactor, the hydrocarbon concentration, the nature of the hydrocarbon, and the geometry of the bed. Isotropic pyrolytic carbon is formed under deposition conditions where homogeneous nucleation occurs in the gas phase and at the gas flow conditions where the gas-borne droplets can collide on the substrate. Laminar carbon is formed under deposition conditions where homogeneous nucleation does not occur in the gas phase and at gas flow conditions where the carbon species existing in the bulk of the gas phase can collide on the substrate. Columnar carbon is formed when any carbon products existing in the bulk of the gas phase cannot collide on the substrate. The suggested deposition mechanism can also be applied to pyrolytic carbons deposited in a fluidized bed or in a stationary bed. In particular, isotropic carbon can be obtained even in a stationary bed if the requirements for the deposition of the isotropic carbon described above are satisfied.     

Flow patterns and mass transfer rates in fluidized bed ion exchange equipment

The axial mixing of ion exchange resin and liquid in fluidized beds is modelled by a series of well-mixed cells for the resin and an equal or larger number of mixed cells for the liquid. Concentration breakthrough curves are calculated using this mixing model, assuming finite mass transfer kinetics and irreversible equilibrium. The model is used to describe mixing patterns and kinetics in static fluidized beds (no resin flow); the information so obtained can be used to design continuous and periodic flow counter-current fluidized bed ion exchange systems.     

Electrodeposition of catalytically active nickel for the oxygen evolution reaction — effects of anionic composition

Nickel electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition in electrolytes of various anionic compositions. The deposition conditions and bath types were evaluated with special emphasis on the electrocatalytic properties for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Electrochemical characterizations in a 5 mol/L KOH solution at 25°C showed that the electrode deposited from the chloride bath, having a low Tafel slope of 50 mV/dec and an overpotential of 396 mV at 100 mA/cm², is the most catalytically active among electrodes prepared in electrolytes of various anionic compositions. The electrode activity for the OER is related to the real surface areas, which depend on the anion compositions in the deposition bath and the deposition conditions.     

A comparison of the performance of N simulation models in the prediction of Nmin on farmers' fields in the spring

The performance of three different models, which simulate changes in the inorganic N content of the soil, was evaluated in respect of their ability to predict N_min content in the spring under cereal crops. The models of British, Dutch and German origin, were tested using data from farmers' fields supplied by 70 farmers over two growing seasons in FRG. The models were run between harvest of the previous crop and spring of the following year, and predictions of N_min in the spring compared to soil measurements. The performance of the models was assessed by counting the number of cases in which predictions agreed within 10 or 20 kg (N) ha^–1 of the measurements. Predictions were less than ± 10 kg (N) ha^–1 of measured values in only 30–44% and 28–55% of cases in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Predictions were less than ± 20 kg (N) ha^–1 of measured values in 62–70% and 68–82% of cases in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Predictions in 1989 were better because the initial N_min content in the autumn was included in the model input. None of the models tested had been designed to use input data of the type available to farmers. It is concluded that, at present, the results are too variable for any of the models to be used with confidence as tools to aid in N fertilizer recommendations.     

Aplysia sea hare assimilation of secondary metabolites from brown seaweed,Stypopodium zonale

JuvenileAplysia dactylomela were found feeding in abundance on the tropical brown algaStypopodium zonale, a seaweed previously shown to contain numerous unique terpene-quinone natural products. Lipid extracts of these herbivorous mollusks were shown by TLC and HPLC-NMR analyses to contain appreciable quantities of twoS. zonale metabolites as well as one new but closely related compound. Spectroscopic analyses of the new compound in concert with functional group modifications identified this new compound as 3-keto epitaondiol. A careful analysis of the seaweed extract failed to locate this ketone, and thus, it most likely represents anAplysia-biotransformed compound. This is the first clear reported observation of metabolite transfer between an alga of the phylum Phaeophyta and a sea hare.     

Heat and mass transfer during air drying of solids

Heat and mass transfer are studied for drying of a semi-infinite solid in warm air. The mathematical model, a system of partial differential equations, gives an exact analytical solution if transfer coefficients are constant and free water present at the surface. An analogy has been found for heat transfer with and without drying. A finite-difference solution of broader application than the analytical method has been developed, and the two methods agree closely. Experiments are described which show fair agreement with calculations of heat transfer during the first step of drying. Water content profiles remain flat during that period and no precise comparison can be made     

Mixing effects and hydrodynamics of vortex rings

Vortex rings have been formed in water by impulsive flow through an orifice, and mixing effects due to the lings have been measured. Laboratory tests on the mixing of stratified layers of salt solution by vortex rings formed at a 6.35 cm diameter orifice have indicated that Froude number is an important factor in determining the energy efficiency of mixing. Field tests using a 25.4 cm orifice in Hamilton Harbour (18 m depth of water) have shown a small mixing effect. Further experiments with a 25.4 cm orifice in a test tank have shown that the vortex rings have a range of at least 30 m.     

Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. V. Preparation and properties of diels-alder adducts and their esters fromtrans,trans-conjugated fatty acids derived from soybean oil

Summary Soybean fatty acids were conjugated with alkali, and the contained, conjugated dienoic acids were isomerized with iodine to thetrans,trans configuration. Adducts were prepared from thesetrans,trans-conjugated acids by condensation with maleic anhydride and acrylic acid. The adducts were isolated, purified, and converted to esters by using a variety of alcohols, including methyl, ethyl,n-propyl,n-butyl, and allyl alcohols. Esters made from saturated alcohols were converted into the corresponding epoxy derivatives. All of the esters (except allyl) and all of the epoxy esters were compatible with an equal weight of polyvinyl chloride and appeared to be primary plasticizers for this plastic. The epoxy esters were effective in inhibiting heat deterioration of polyvinyl chloride. Presented at fall meeting. American Oil Chemists' Society, September 23–26, 1956, Chicago, Ill.