Enzymatic browning and after-cooking darkening of Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.) undergo enzymatic browning when peeled or cut, and turn grey after boiling, due to after-cooking darkening reactions between iron and phenolic acids. In an attempt to reveal the components responsible for these discolouration reactions, sensory evaluation and instrumental colour measurements were related to contents of total phenolics, phenolic acids, organic acids and iron in three varieties of raw and boiled Jerusalem artichoke tubers harvested in the autumn and the spring. No differences were found between varieties in sensory evaluated enzymatic browning, but Rema and Draga had higher scores than Mari in after-cooking darkening. Jerusalem artichoke tubers had higher contents of total phenolics, phenolic acids and citric acid in the autumn and low contents in the spring, while it was the opposite for malic acid. None of the chemical parameters investigated could explain the discolouration of the Jerusalem artichoke tubers.     

Residents’ sense of place and landscape perceptions at the rural-urban interface

Rural residents have different expectations concerning what the rural landscape should be like and what it should be used for. This is especially the case at the rural-urban interface, where the characteristics of rural and urban landscapes have become blurred. In this article, the concept of sense of place is used to explore the relationship between humans and landscape at the rural-urban fringe. Based on a quantitative survey data set, this article examines how the landscape perceptions of local residents can be understood from the basis of their sense of place in Nurmijärvi, a municipality located close to the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in southern Finland. A factor analysis revealed four clusters: Socially connected, Weak bonds, Roots and resources and Committed to place. The clusters differed by their socio-economic profiles as well as their sense of place. The Roots and resources cluster differed most of the other clusters, but in general the differences between the clusters in general landscape perceptions were relatively small. Although a strong sense of place is often assumed to lead to care of place, the willingness to contribute to the landscape did not differ significantly between the clusters. In addition the study revealed the existence of two different approaches to landscape in the rural-urban interface: landscape as a scenery and landscape as a dwelling place.     

On the Structure Sensitivity of Direct NO Decomposition over Low-Index Transition Metal Facets

We present a study of the dissociative chemisorption of NO, O₂, and N₂ over close-packed, stepped, kinked, and open (fcc {111}, {211}, {311}, {532}, {100}, and {110}) transition metal facets using density functional theory (DFT). The offset of the Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) relations suggest that the {111} surface is the least reactive, and that the {110} surface is the most reactive. This observation is verified by establishing volcano-relations based on mean-field microkinetic models for each facet, showing that the maximum rate over {110} is 4 orders of magnitude larger than the maximum {111} rate. The ordering of the maximum activity over the facets is: {110} > {100} ~ {532} > {311} ~ {211} > {111}, which is in general agreement with the offset in the BEP relations. We show that the top-point location and shape of the volcano relations are approximately independent of facet. This observation lends credibility to the approach of analyzing trends in catalytic reactivity over a single low-index facet, and assuming the experimentally observed activity trends are qualitatively well-described by such a single-facet analysis. Our study suggests that a key element for generally obtaining quantitative agreement between theory and experiments is for the simulations to address in detail the propensities of the various types of active sites. Finally, we show that the ordering of NO decomposition rates among metals and facets is essentially unaltered when using BEP- and scaling relations in the microkinetics instead of explicit DFT calculations for each elementary reaction step, and that using a “universal” BEP relation introduces no significant additional qualitative error in trend prediction.     

The effect of slaughter operations on the contamination of chicken carcasses with thermotolerant Campylobacter

To evaluate the effect of specific slaughter operations on the contamination of broiler carcasses with naturally occurring thermotolerant Campylobacter, experiments were carried out in two Danish commercial slaughter plants (Plant I and Plant II). Six broiler flocks determined Campylobacter positive prior to slaughter were investigated at four sampling locations within each slaughter plant. Quantification of thermotolerant Campylobacter in 30 neck skin samples per flock per sampling location showed that the evisceration operation in Plant I led to a significant increase in the Campylobacter concentration of 0.5 log(10) cfu/g in average, whereas no significant changes were observed during this operation in Plant II. Air chilling (Plant I) and water chilling (Plant II), both including a carcass wash prior to the chilling operation, caused similar, but significant reductions of 0.83 and 0.97 log(10) cfu/g, respectively. In packed frozen chickens (Plant II) an additional reduction of 1.38 log(10) cfu/g in average was obtained due to the freezing operation. In packed chilled chickens (Plant I), however, the number of thermotolerant Campylobacter per gram remained at the same level as after air chilling. Enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter in 30 intestinal samples per flock showed that in two of the six flocks examined the within flock colonization was very low (<3% and 27% positive samples). The remaining four flocks were colonized at percentages of 100 (three flocks) and 97 (one flock) and had intestinal mean counts ranging from 6.65 to 8.20 log(10) cfu/g. A correlation between Campylobacter concentrations in intestinal content and on chicken carcasses after the defeathering operation was documented. This finding indicates that a reduction in the Campylobacter concentration on chicken carcasses may also be obtained by interventions aimed at reducing the concentration of Campylobacter in the intestines of the living birds.     

NMR relaxometry and differential scanning calorimetry during meat cooking

By combining simultaneous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T₂ relaxometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on pork samples heated to nine temperature levels between 25 and 75 °C, the present study investigates the relationship between thermal denaturation of meat proteins and heat-induced changes in water characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the distributed ¹H NMR T₂ relaxation data revealed that the major changes in water characteristics during heating occur between 40 and 50 °C. This is probably initiated by denaturation of myosin heads, which however, could not be detected in the DSC thermograms obtained directly on the meat. In contrast, the DSC thermograms revealed endothermic transitions at 54, 65 and 77 °C, probably reflecting the denaturation of myosin (rods and light chain), sarcoplasmic proteins together with collagen and actin, respectively. Simultaneous modelling of DSC and NMR data by partial least squares regression (PLSR) revealed a correlation between denaturation of myosin rods and light chains at 53–58 °C and heat-induced changes in myofibrillar water (T₂ relaxation time 10–60 ms) as well as between actin denaturation at 80–82 °C and expulsion of water from the meat. Accordingly, the present study demonstrates a direct relationship between thermal denaturation of specific proteins/protein structures and heat-induced changes in water mobility during heating of pork.     

NaCl-induced changes in structure and water mobility in potato tissue as determined by CLSM and LF-NMR

This study for the first time reports the combined use of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in the study of the effects of salting on low and high dry matter (DM) potato tissue. The simultaneous use of CLSM and NMR resulted in important information in relation to the interpretation of the origin of the NMR water populations. Salting caused the raw potato cells to loose weight, which in the microscopic images was observed as loss of turgor pressure still further away from the edges of the samples with increased salting time. The total water loss after salting was lowest for high DM potatoes. The LF-NMR analyses revealed that this could be ascribed to a faster T₂ relaxation time of the cytoplasmatic and extracellular water and thus to water being more restricted in high DM potatoes. In addition, a tendency to a faster T₂ relaxation time was observed for both low and high DM potatoes with increasing salting time, which reveals a salt-induced restriction of the cytoplasmatic and extracellular water population. The paper illustrates the aptitude of NMR and CLSM to determine and elucidate structural changes and associated changes in water mobility in potato tissue.     

Trends in catalytic NO decomposition over transition metal surfaces

The formation of NO_x from combustion of fossil and renewable fuels continues to be a dominant environmental issue. We take one step towards rationalizing trends in catalytic activity of transition metal catalysts for NO decomposition by combining microkinetic modelling with density functional theory calculations. We show specifically why the key problem in using transition metal surfaces to catalyze direct NO decomposition is their significant relative overbinding of atomic oxygen compared to atomic nitrogen.     

Bioaugmenting bioreactors for the continuous removal of 3-chloroaniline by a slow release approach

The survival and activity of microbial degradative inoculants in bioreactors is critical to obtain successful biodegradation of non- or slowly degradable pollutants. Achieving this in industrial wastewater reactors is technically challenging. We evaluated a strategy to obtain complete and stable bioaugmentation of activated sludge, which is used to treat a 3-chloroaniline (3-CA) contaminated wastewater in a lab-scale semi-continuous activated sludge system. A 3-CA metabolizing bacterium, Comamonas testosteroni strain I2, was mixed with molten agar and encapsulated in 4 mm diameter open-ended silicone tubes of 3 cm long. The tubes containing the immobilized bacteria represented about 1% of the volume of the mixed liquor. The bioaugmentation activity of a reactor containing the immobilized cells was compared with a reactor with suspended I2gfp cells. From day 25-30 after inoculation, the reactor with only suspended cells failed to completely degrade 3-CA because of a decrease in metabolic activity. In the reactors with immobilized cells, however, 3-CA continued to be removed. A mass balance indicated that ca. 10% of the degradation activity was due to the immobilized cells. Slow release of the growing embedded cells from the agar into the activated sludge medium, resulting in a higher number of active 3-CA-degrading I2 cells, was responsible for ca. 90% of the degradation. Our results demonstrate that this simple immobilization procedure was effective to maintain a 3-CA-degrading population within the activated sludge community.