全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5569篇 |
免费 | 199篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 139篇 |
综合类 | 13篇 |
化学工业 | 1427篇 |
金属工艺 | 117篇 |
机械仪表 | 104篇 |
建筑科学 | 431篇 |
矿业工程 | 10篇 |
能源动力 | 122篇 |
轻工业 | 751篇 |
水利工程 | 36篇 |
石油天然气 | 13篇 |
无线电 | 287篇 |
一般工业技术 | 919篇 |
冶金工业 | 637篇 |
原子能技术 | 58篇 |
自动化技术 | 711篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 44篇 |
2021年 | 69篇 |
2020年 | 55篇 |
2019年 | 58篇 |
2018年 | 66篇 |
2017年 | 85篇 |
2016年 | 114篇 |
2015年 | 139篇 |
2014年 | 149篇 |
2013年 | 249篇 |
2012年 | 227篇 |
2011年 | 242篇 |
2010年 | 208篇 |
2009年 | 224篇 |
2008年 | 217篇 |
2007年 | 250篇 |
2006年 | 202篇 |
2005年 | 203篇 |
2004年 | 183篇 |
2003年 | 125篇 |
2002年 | 135篇 |
2001年 | 111篇 |
2000年 | 99篇 |
1999年 | 77篇 |
1998年 | 87篇 |
1997年 | 85篇 |
1996年 | 82篇 |
1995年 | 75篇 |
1994年 | 55篇 |
1993年 | 78篇 |
1992年 | 80篇 |
1991年 | 53篇 |
1990年 | 62篇 |
1989年 | 61篇 |
1987年 | 71篇 |
1986年 | 58篇 |
1985年 | 72篇 |
1984年 | 65篇 |
1983年 | 61篇 |
1982年 | 63篇 |
1981年 | 68篇 |
1980年 | 67篇 |
1979年 | 68篇 |
1978年 | 51篇 |
1977年 | 54篇 |
1976年 | 57篇 |
1975年 | 56篇 |
1974年 | 67篇 |
1973年 | 49篇 |
1970年 | 41篇 |
排序方式: 共有5775条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Physical workload of flight attendants when pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Ulrich Glitsch Hans Jürgen Ottersbach Rolf Ellegast Karlheinz Schaub Gerhard Franz Matthias Jger 《International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics》2007,37(11-12):845
The musculoskeletal loads from moving trolleys aboard aircraft were assessed by observation of trolley handling on planes and by physical workload analyses of pushing and pulling of trolleys in a laboratory set up. Trolley handling by a total of 15 female flight attendants was observed on 10 short- and medium-distance flights in different types of aircraft. About 25 selected flight attendants (22 females; 3 males) of five German airlines took part in the laboratory study, which comprised three-dimensional (3D) measurements of posture and hand forces during pushing and pulling of trolleys in a variety of configurations. From the on-flight observations performed, between 150 and 250 trolley movements can be projected for a work shift. The greatest physical workload is to be expected at the beginning of service: The trolleys are fully laden then, and the cabin floor can still be inclined up to 8°, as the aircraft is still climbing, particularly on short-distance flights. The laboratory investigation revealed that the musculoskeletal workload from pushing and pulling depends essentially on the trolley load and on the gradient of the cabin floor. In addition, the degree of stressing depends significantly on the trolley type, mode of handling and personal dexterity. The up/down force component perpendicular to the direction of motion often achieved considerable amplitudes-in some cases equal to or exceeding the force in the direction of movement. The posture analysis demonstrated that pulling forced the flight attendants to adopt ergonomically unfavourable postures such as pronounced flexion of the back, particularly among female subjects. The highest values for flexion of the back occurred while pulling the half-size trolley. The results demonstrate that female flight attendants are likely to overload themselves if they frequently have to move heavily laden trolleys unaided on an inclined cabin floor.
Relevance to industry
On short distance flights, flight attendants have been complaining increasingly of high physical workload from manoeuvring trolleys. On the basis of the presented data airline companies may improve the trolley handling skills of their flight attendances by practical trainings and may ergonomically optimize the general service procedures aboard aircrafts. 相似文献72.
We consider graphs that can be embedded on a surface of bounded genus such that each edge has a bounded number of crossings.
We prove that many optimization problems, including maximum
independent set, minimum vertex cover, minimum dominating set and many others, admit polynomial time approximation schemes
when restricted to such graphs. This extends previous results by Baker and Eppstein to a much broader class of graphs. We
also prove that for the considered class of graphs, there are balanced separators of size
where n is a number of vertices in the graph. On the negative side, we prove that it is intractable to recognize the graphs
embeddable in the plane with at most one crossing per edge. 相似文献
73.
Full instrumental rationality and perfect institutions are two cornerstoneassumptions underlying neoclassical models. However, in the real world, thesetwo assumptions never hold, especially not in developing countries. In thispaper, we develop a game theoretical model to investigate if relaxations inthe full instrumental rationality and perfect institutions premise can explainthe conflicts that have been occurring between the various principals in theNarok district in Kenya with regard to land tenure and use. 相似文献
74.
Delgrande James P.; Schaub Torsten; Tompits Hans 《Journal of Logic and Computation》2007,17(5):871-907
We consider the problem of representing arbitrary preferencesin causal reasoning and planning systems. In planning, a preferencemay be seen as a goal or constraint that is desirable, but notnecessary, to satisfy. To begin, we define a very general querylanguage for histories, or interleaved sequences of world statesand actions. Based on this, we specify a second language inwhich preferences are defined. A single preference defines abinary relation on histories, indicating that one history ispreferred to the other. From this, one can define global preferenceorderings on the set of histories, the maximal elements of whichare the preferred histories. The approach is very general andflexible; thus it constitutes a base languagein terms of which higher-level preferences may be defined. Tothis end, we investigate two fundamental types of preferencesthat we call choice and temporal preferences. We consider concretestrategies for these types of preferences and encode them interms of our framework. We suggest how to express aggregatesin the approach, allowing, e.g. the expression of a preferencefor histories with lowest total action costs. Last, our approachcan be used to express other approaches and so serves as a commonframework in which such approaches can be expressed and compared.We illustrate this by indicating how an approach due to Sonand Pontelli can be encoded in our approach, as well as thelanguage PDDL3. 相似文献
75.
Hans Christian Boas 《Language Resources and Evaluation》2006,40(2):153-174
New methods of documenting languages with digital technologies has led to a multitude of different formats that are difficult
to reuse over time. To overcome the problems surrounding the portability of digital language documentation, linguists are
in the process of formulating best-practice recommendations to increase the likelihood of their work's long-term survival.
This paper describes the implementation of a comprehensive set of current best-practice recommendations pertaining to content,
format, discovery, access, citation, preservation, and rights in the context of the language documentation efforts of the
Texas German Dialect Project. This project is different from others in that it is not primarily concerned with digitizing
and archiving existing recordings. Instead, the archive it is creating is the end-result of a research project whose workflow
begins with data-collection in the filed and ends with depositing digitized and annotated language materials in a web-accessible
digital archive of Texas German. This paper shows how a number of conflicting best-practice recommendations can be resolved,
thereby satisfying the diverse needs of academic research, teaching, and outreach to the community. As such, the results reported
here are an important contribution to the search for strategies guaranteeing the long-term survival of digital language documentation
resources.
相似文献
Hans Christian BoasEmail: |
76.
Wolfgang Sümmermann Hans Rohleder und Friedhelm Korte 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1978,166(3):137-144
Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen eines koordinierten Forschungsprogramms des BMFT wurde eine orientierende Studie an möglichst repräsentativen Stichproben durchgeführt. Trotz relativ großer Streubreiten zeichnen sich die Bereiche der wichtigsten Lebensmittelgruppen deutlich voneinander ab mit Mittelwerten um 0,005 /g für fettarme pflanzliche Grundnahrungsmittel, um 0,05 /g für pflanzliche Nahrungsfette, um 0,3 /g für Milch-, Käse und Butterfette, um 0,15 /g für sonstige Nahrungsfette von Landtieren, um 0,03 /g für Hühnereier und um 10 /g für Fischfett. Wichtet man die Gehalte entsprechend der durchschnittlichen Diät in der BRD, so ergibt sich eine tägliche PCB-Aufnahme von rund 29 aus tierischen Fetten und rund 6 aus den übrigen Lebensmitteln. Die Gesamtaufnahme von ca. 35 g pro Tag und capita entspricht etwa dem Wert, der von der WHO als ADI-Wert für HCB (Hexachlorbenzol) in Aussicht genommen wurde.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in foodThe situation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Summary In a coordinated research program of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), a screening study was carried out with representative samples. In spite of rather large ranges of PCB concentrations, the most important food-stuffs show clearly defined clusters with mean values of approx. 0.005 /g in low fat food components of plant origin such as cereals or potatoes, approx. 0.05 /g in vegetable fats, approx. 0.3 /g in fat from milk, butter and cheese, approx. 0.15 gg/g in animal fat, approx. 0.03 in chicken eggs and approx. 10 /g in fish fat. Considering the mean diet in the FRG, a daily PCB intake of about 29 g from animal fat and of 6 from the other food-stuffs results. The total intake of about 35 g per day and capita is almost the same as the figure conditionally suggested by the WHO as the acceptable daily HCB (hexachlorobenzene) intake.相似文献
77.
Hans Haucke Yoshiteru Maeno Paul Warkentin John Wheatley 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》1981,44(5-6):505-533
Time-dependent thermal convection can occur in a unity-aspect-ratio Rayleigh-Beard convection cell containing a dilute solution of 3He in superfluid 4He when the fluid is heated from above. Results are presented primarily for a 0.24 mole % He solution at 0.925 K. Means is provided for introducing heat at the top and separately for a central plug and an outer ring such that both are at a constant temperature gDT above the bottom. A critical temperature difference T
cfor convection can be defined above which both steady and time-dependent convection occur. The time-dependent effects include a region of T. near T
cand characterized only by excessive noise, a region of somewhat higher T where there are intermittent major changes in the plug heating rate with a time distribution like that for random events, and a region at still higher T where periodic but nonsinusoidal variation of the heat flow is observed. When a long enough time, several months, has elapsed after cooling down the apparatus, time-dependent states no longer occur, and the heat flow above T
cis limited to steady convection. Briefly raising the temperature of the apparatus to 77 K is sufficient to restore the possibility of time-dependent states. 相似文献
78.
In this paper we investigate the relation between architectural support for Prolog and performance. We will show that partial support for tags does perform as well as full support, but it only reduces the execution time by approximately 10%. With respect to special addressing modes, auto address modification (post/pre increment, decrement on loads and stores) only yields a cycle reduction of approximately 6% and the introduction of a single shadow register set yields around 8%. Combining these optimizations, a performance gain of 20 to 25% can be achieved, depending on the memory system. Usingvliw techniques, which exploit instruction-level parallelism, the performance can be doubled, using three processing elements. Two processing elements already provide a significant speedup, but the use of four processing elements is not justified if we compare the gain in performance with the cost of the extra hardware. In general we observe only a small performance improvement (around 20%) when moving fromrisc to special-purposerisc architectures, an improvement which can also be achieved by applying advanced compiler technology, such as compiler optimization, optimizations forwam, and optimal scheduling techniques forvliw architectures. Unfortunately these hardware and software effects do not add up, as a better compiler reduces the effect of hardware support. Finally, the cycle time is essential for comparing the performance of different (micro)-architectures, but it is not always clear what the effects of the different tradeoffs are on the maximum achievable cycle time. 相似文献
79.
Daniel Scherzer Chuong H. Nguyen Tobias Ritschel Hans‐Peter Seidel 《Computer Graphics Forum》2012,31(4):1391-1397
The incident indirect light over a range of image pixels is often coherent. Two common approaches to exploit this inter‐pixel coherence to improve rendering performance are Irradiance Caching and Radiance Caching. Both compute incident indirect light only for a small subset of pixels (the cache), and later interpolate between pixels. Irradiance Caching uses scalar values that can be interpolated efficiently, but cannot account for shading variations caused by normal and reflectance variation between cache items. Radiance Caching maintains directional information, e.g., to allow highlights between cache items, but at the cost of storing and evaluating a Spherical Harmonics (SH) function per pixel. The arithmetic and bandwidth cost for this evaluation is linear in the number of coefficients and can be substantial. In this paper, we propose a method to replace it by an efficient per‐cache item pre‐filtering based on MIP maps — such as previously done for environment maps — leading to a single constant‐time lookup per pixel. Additionally, per‐cache item geometry statistics stored in distance‐MIP maps are used to improve the quality of each pixel's lookup. Our approximate interactive global illumination approach is an order of magnitude faster than Radiance Caching with Phong BRDFs and can be combined with Monte Carlo‐raytracing, Point‐based Global Illumination or Instant Radiosity. 相似文献
80.
Vincent Verhaert Hans Druyts Dorien Van Deun Vasileios Exadaktylos Johan Verbraecken Marie Vandekerckhove Bart Haex Jos Vander Sloten 《International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics》2012,42(5):489-498
This study aims at evaluating spinal alignment during sleep by combining personalized human models with mattress indentation measurements. A generic surface model has been developed that can be personalized based on anthropometric parameters derived from silhouette extraction. Shape assessment of the personalized surface models, performed by comparison with 3-D surface scans of the trunk, showed a mean unsigned distance of 9.77 mm between modeled and scanned surface meshes. The surface model is combined with an inner skeleton model, allowing the model to simulate distinct sleep postures. An automatic fitting algorithm sets the appropriate degrees of freedom to position the model on the measured indentation according to the adopted sleep posture. Validation on lateral sleep positions showed good intraclass correlations (0.73–0.88) between estimated and measured angular spinal deformations, indicating that silhouette-derived body shape models provide a valuable tool for the unobtrusive assessment of spinal alignment during sleep.Relevance to industry: A common drawback of the available techniques to assess spinal deformation on bedding systems is that they interfere with the actual sleep process. The current study presents a novel method based on silhouette-derived body shape models in order to estimate spine shape during sleep unobtrusively. 相似文献