Learned stimulation in space and motion perception.

Argues that in the perception of distance, depth, and visual motion, a single property is often represented by 2 or more stimuli. Two instances of such redundant stimulation are discussed: (a) the various stimuli that represent visual motion and (b) the 2 forms of stimulation by which binocular parallax evokes stereoscopic depth perception. In the case of visual motion, simultaneous operation of redundant stimulation has raised questions concerning the basis of experienced motion and the conditions under which different motion processes are combined. Experiments are described that suggest that some redundant stimuli owe their existence to simple associative learning. Evidence is reviewed that shows that binocular parallax causes stereoscopic depth by means of 2 different perceptual processes. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Formation of pearlitic banded structures in ferritic-pearlitic steels

The conditions for ferrite and pearlite banding in strip and plate made of structural steels were investigated. Factors found to influence the formation of banded structures were the cooling rate during the γ/α-transformation, the former austenite grain size, and the work-hardened condition of the former austenite. Analyses with the aid of an electron beam microprobe made it possible to demonstrate that the carbon-rich bands correspond locally with banded manganese enrichments, yet that they do not form before the course of the γ/α-transformation as a result of secondary segregation. It was possible to explain the mechanism of action of the influencing factors on the basis of this model.     

Schätzung der modalen Parameter unter Berücksichtigung systematischer Fehler der Frequenzgänge

Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Eingangs- und Ausgangsst?rungen des Me?systems sowie einer endlichen Frequenzaufl?sung treten stets systematische (Bias-) und zuf?llige Fehler bei gemessenen Frequenzg?ngen und deren Varianzen auf. Auf solchen Frequenzg?ngen und Varianzen beruhende Sch?tzungen der modalen Parameter sind damit ebenfalls systematisch verzerrt. Um die Genauigkeit und Sicherheit der modalen Parameter zu erh?hen, wird ein Sch?tzverfahren vorgestellt, in dem der Einflu? der Biasfehler auf die Sch?tzung n?herungsweise in einer diagonalen Wichtungsmatrix berücksichtigt wird. Es wird gezeigt, da? die systematischen Fehler Einflu? auf die Absch?tzung der statistischen Sicherheit der modalen Parameter haben. Anhand zweier Beispiele wird die Wirksamkeit des Sch?tzverfahrens demonstriert. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h.H.K. T?nshoff: Dipl.-Ing.Z. Liu, Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Spanende Werkzeugmaschinen (IFW), Universit?t Hannover.     

Infra-red and Raman spectroscopic study on the thermal stability and high temperature transformation of hydroazafullerene C59HN

Hydroazafullerene C₅₉HN was studied by vibrational infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and its thermal stability was examined. Fingerprints modes were identified and unambiguously differentiate it from bisazafullerene. At 700 K full transformation to bisazafullerene occurred, while an intermediate metastable phase was identified at 540 K showing different spectra where the splitting of most of the lines is strongly reduced.     

Role Models for Radical Innovations in Times of Open Innovation

In this paper, we study the influence of innovator roles in highly innovative ventures. In order to obtain a differentiated picture we take into account the degree of innovativeness as a moderating variable. To test our hypotheses we use a sample of 146 highly innovative new product development projects. We choose a rigorous sampling design and apply state‐of‐the‐art measures for the degree of innovativeness. Furthermore, we apply multi‐trait‐multi‐method methodology (MTMM) to enhance the validity of our study. The results show that innovator roles have a strong influence on innovation success but these influences are positively and negatively moderated by innovativeness. The moderating influences depend on the type of innovativeness. Remarkably, with increasing technological innovativeness innovator roles which create inter‐organizational links with the outside world appear to be more important than intra‐organizational linker roles, and support from high‐ranked organizational members turns out to have a significant negative effect on project success with higher degrees of technological innovativeness. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed and consequences for innovation research and innovation management are shown.     

Comparative study of self-assembling of multilayers using reactive sputter deposition and mass selective ion beam deposition

While experimenting with the growth of metal-containing amorphous carbon (a-c:Me) thin films using two different growth processes, self-assembled multilayered structures were observed. One of the processes is a reactive magnetron sputter deposition process. The other process is a mass selective ion beam deposition process. Despite of the differences in the growth method and the growth condition, self-assembled multilayered thin films, consisting of alternating dark layer and bright layer, were obtained in both processes. Based on the consideration of energy for atomic diffusion in the thin films, the growth mechanism is discussed.     

Effects of growth with ethanol on fermentation and membrane fluidity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSc was grown with ethanol at concentrations up to 10% (v/v). The immediate effects of additions of externally added ethanol on CO₂ production and O₂ consumption of washed organisms were studied by stopped-flow membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometry. Fermentative activities of organisms grown with ethanol (0–5% v/v) showed similar sensitivities to inhibition by ethanol, whereas those grown with 10% (v/v) ethanol had become protected and were markedly less sensitive. The fluidity of subcellular membrane fractions was measured by determination of the temperature dependence of the rotational order parameter of the spin label 5-doxyl stearic acid (free radical) by electron spin resonance. Mitochondria prepared from yeasts grown with 0, 7 and 9% (v/v) ethanol showed similar overall fluidity, although differences in temperature-dependent behaviour indicate altered lipid composition or lateral phase separations. On the other hand the microsomal fraction from organisms grown with 9% ethanol showed a remarkable increase in fluidity. These data suggest that the protective effects of growth with ethanol near the limit of tolerance on fermentative activities may arise from altered plasma membrane fluidity properties.     

Fecal bile acid excretion and composition in response to changes in dietary wheat bran,fat and calcium in the rat

The effect and possible interactive influence of different dietary amounts of wheat bran, fat and calcium on the fecal excretion, concentration and composition of bile acids was studied in Fischer-344 rats. The fecal bile acids were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. Dietary wheat bran increased both total bile acid excretion and fecal weight without changes in fecal bile acid concentration. The proportion of fecal hyodeoxycholic acid decreased with increasing dietary fiber, whereas that of lithocholic and deoxycholic acids increased significantly with fiber intake. The percent content of fecal chenodeoxycholic acid did not change. Increasing dietary fat led to an increase in bile acid excretion without changes in either fecal weight or bile acid concentration. In contrast, the level of dietary calcium did not affect the total excretion of bile acids. However, since calcium increased the fecal weight, it consequently diluted bile acids and decreased their fecal concentration. Dietary fat and calcium had no influence on fecal bile acid composition. There were no interactive effects of wheat bran, fat and calcium on fecal bile acids. The finding in this study that dietary fiber, fat and calcium induce significant changes in fecal bile acids may be of relevance to the potential of bile acids to promote carcinogenesis.