Cross‐Magnetron‐Effekt und ITO‐Schichtabscheidung

Cross Magnetron Effect and ITO Film Deposition The large area deposition of TCO films requires a strictly homogeneous lateral distribution of the process parameters at the substrate position. In view of that, Cross Corner Effect (in case of a single magnetron source) and Cross Magnetron Effect (for dual magnetrons) can cause problems. Measurements confirm a distinct influence of these effects on the functional properties of indium tin oxide films. The effect will be discussed in terms of the concentration of the dissociated oxygen in the process gas, which depends on the plasma properties and the oxygen partial pressure.     

Legs evolved only at the end!

Talking about legged locomotion often evokes the idea that animals using such devices are perfectly adapted to this kind of motion and should be copied by robotics. The aim of this contribution is to show that the evolution of legs comes late in phylogeny, be it in arthropods or vertebrates. Neural control of legs in vertebrates has to deal with conservative arrangements 'invented' for axial locomotion of metameric organisms. The structure of this paper is to show the importance of axial driven propulsion in vertebrates without legs, with legs and only at the end how limbs move the body in eutherian mammals.     

Intelligence by mechanics

Research on the biomechanics of animal and human locomotion provides insight into basic principles of locomotion and respective implications for construction and control. Nearly elastic operation of the leg is necessary to reproduce the basic dynamics in walking and running. Elastic leg operation can be modelled with a spring-mass model. This model can be used as a template with respect to both gaits in the construction and control of legged machines. With respect to the segmented leg, the humanoid arrangement saves energy and ensures structural stability. With the quasi-elastic operation the leg inherits the property of self-stability, i.e. the ability to stabilize a system in the presence of disturbances without sensing the disturbance or its direct effects. Self-stability can be conserved in the presence of musculature with its crucial damping property. To ensure secure foothold visco-elastic suspended muscles serve as shock absorbers. Experiments with technically implemented leg models, which explore some of these principles, are promising.     

Tissue Sampling and Homogenization in the Sub-Microliter Scale with a Nanosecond Infrared Laser (NIRL) for Mass Spectrometric Proteomics

It was recently shown that ultrashort pulse infrared (IR) lasers, operating at the wavelength of the OH vibration stretching band of water, are highly efficient for sampling and homogenizing biological tissue. In this study we utilized a tunable nanosecond infrared laser (NIRL) for tissue sampling and homogenization with subsequent liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis for mass spectrometric proteomics. For the first time, laser sampling was performed with murine spleen and colon tissue. An ablation volume of 1.1 × 1.1 × 0.4 mm³ (approximately 0.5 µL) was determined with optical coherence tomography (OCT). The results of bottom-up proteomics revealed proteins with significant abundance differences for both tissue types, which are in accordance with the corresponding data of the Human Protein Atlas. The results demonstrate that tissue sampling and homogenization of small tissue volumes less than 1 µL for subsequent mass spectrometric proteomics is feasible with a NIRL.     

Oberflächen‐ und Randschichtcharakterisierung von hochgeschwindigkeitsgefrästem Stahl

Surface and subsurface characterization of high speed milled steel Surfaces und subsurface regions of workpieces generated by high speed milling were studied to support the understanding of micro‐processes of deformation and cutting. Microstructure, crystal structure, residual stress, and topography of the workpiece, and microstructure and shape of the chips were characterized. With low carbon and low alloyed steel the materials state is significantly influenced by the cutting parameters. The surface topography is related to the microtopography of the cutting edge of the tool. A deformation of the microstructure happens down to 15 μm under the surface. Residual stress has been measured within a 60 μm thick surface layer. The curvature of the ships increases with the cutting speed.     

Fiber Bragg Gratings in Small-Core Ge-Doped Photonic Crystal Fibers

This paper reports fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） inscribed in a small-core Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers with a UV laser and a Talbot interferometer. The responses of such FBGs to temper- ature, strain, bending, and transverse-loading were systematically investigated. The Bragg wavelength of the FBGs shifts toward longer wavelengths with increasing temperature, tensile strain, and transverse-loading. The bending and transverse- loading properties of the FBGs are sensitive to the fiber orientations.